Rome 600-900: Past and Present

罗马600-900：过去和现在是一个新的历史城市的基础上，彻底的重新评估的证据。罗马城是欧洲历史重建的中心，六世纪到十世纪之间的时期被认为是其发展的关键时期。但是，尽管研究罗马的历史学家指出，他们的证据和从中得出的信息有许多不一致之处，但这座城市在更广泛的历史上的地位仍然相对简单：在那些世纪里，罗马不再是帝国的首都，而是教皇的城市。最近对中世纪早期罗马历史各个方面的研究，以及相关证据，都强调了一个修订综合的必要性，即在对资料来源进行批判性评估的基础上，将这一工作纳入一个新的总体描述。传统的关于教皇统治地位上升的说法，把对城市历史有决定性影响的两类人贬为次要角色：法兰克和拜占庭帝国的统治者及其追随者，以及城市本身的绝大多数人口，世俗和神职人员。尤其是后者的自我认同，表明了罗马在这几个世纪中真正的政治和意识形态立场。我们必须非常小心地辨别他们的声音，无论是在城外写的——通常与法兰克人和拜占庭人有关——还是由教皇作家写的。后者强调了罗马市民与该市第一位主教圣彼得的联系。但罗马人自己也资助其他殉道者的崇拜，建造和配备自己的教堂，并包括在这一时期形成独特形象的官员骨干。因此，罗马身份的变化不仅仅是罗穆卢斯之城变成圣彼得之城的问题，无论这一变化意味着多么重大的转变。事实上，在这个欧洲历史时期，它是一个独特的论坛，为不同的、经常是相互竞争的身份和协会提供论坛。

Rome 600-900: Past and Present is a new history of the city based on a thorough re-assessment of the evidence. The city of Rome is central to most broad reconstructions of European history, and the period between the sixth and the tenth centuries is accepted as having been crucial in its development. But while historians of Rome have noted numerous inconsistencies in their evidence and in the messages drawn from it, the city's position in wider history has remained relatively simple: ceasing to be the capital of an empire, in those centuries Rome became instead the city of the popes. Recent work on individual aspects of Rome's history in the early middle ages, and the evidence for it, underlines the necessity for a revised synthesis that incorporates this work into a new overarching account that based on a critical appraisal of the sources.The traditional story of rising papal domination relegates to more minor roles two sets of people whose influence on the city's history, I will argue, was decisive: the rulers of the Frankish and Byzantine empires and their followers, and the vast majority of the population of the city itself, lay and clerical. It is the self-identification of the latter, in particular, that indicates Rome's true political and ideological position in these centuries. We have to be quite careful to discern their voices in sources written either outside the city - and often in association with Franks and Byzantines - or by papal writers. The latter emphasize the association of Rome's citizens with St Peter, the city's first bishop. But Romans themselves patronized the cults of other martyrs, built and staffed their own churches, and included a cadre of officials that developed a unique profile in this period. Rome's changing identity was therefore not simply a question of the city of Romulus becoming the city of St Peter, however weighty the transformation that that change signifies. It was in fact, and uniquely in this period of European history, a forum for distinct and often competing identities and associations.