Taverns, locals and street corners: cross-chronological studies in community drinking, regulation and public space

城市中心的酗酒者社区的形象是一个熟悉的形象，被媒体描绘成我们的文化和我们的时代的危机。对于这个项目，我们问：它曾经是这样吗？是深夜人们聚集在公共场所喝酒的模式，是商业企业出售的酒，是新的狂欢，还是这些熟悉的、反复出现的做法，以及饮酒和竞争社区的表现。我们是否可以调查过去的时间和地点，以发现这些空间、文化和经济模式是否在个别地区和社区中有其独特的根源，或者在社区中是否存在共鸣的主题和行为？特别是，饮酒表演，社区奇观和狂欢节的概念仍然是现代饮酒文化的一部分吗？相反，今天在公共场所饮酒和反社会行为的社区政策和实践中的实际和“日常”问题是否也与过去产生共鸣？为了回答这些问题，这个研究项目将调查三个不同的地方，三个不同的时期，三个不同的追求。地点和时期通过三个案例研究结合起来，而追求通过每个案例研究提供了一套统一的主题：利润（食品和饮料的销售商），快乐（消费者）和治安（社会控制）。前两个案例研究是历史性的。案例1考虑16-17世纪的佛罗伦萨；主要使用行政资源，它将绘制城市最著名的酒馆及其周围的街景，以了解它们在社区中的重要地位。案例2以18世纪的伦敦为例，当时公众对公共场所饮酒的普遍抗议与公共场所饮酒所蕴含的商业和社交价值的公众倡导相匹配。我们将问来源：在试图定义社区和阶级行为方面，饮酒场所有多重要？这在多大程度上是有效的，它是如何改变酒馆的实际社交性及其在邻里/社区生活中的地位的？第三个研究是当代的；一份调查问卷将用于收集研究数据，并将成为今天在布里斯托尔与政策制定者和实践者进行半结构化访谈的基础。虽然布里斯托尔市中心在2004年被定为“街头禁酒区”，但在大型商业饮酒场所，酒精饮料仍是常规供应。这对饮酒者聚集的方式和地点都有影响，也影响了我们对欢宴和联系的理解，以及什么构成了社区中的“反社会”行为。在制定过去和现在的研究问题时，我们将与我们的合作者——城市研究中心——以及我们咨询小组中的其他政策制定者和实践者网络密切合作，确定研究范围，审查历史数据，编制问卷并传播结果。我们最后的传播活动将吸引来自PI和CI互联社区项目的参与者：城市设计师、规划师、警察、私人保安、公共卫生官员、社区利益相关者团体（见影响）。通过这样做，它将进一步发展PI Fabrizio Nevola在早期AHRC资助的“街头生活和街头文化”研究中开发的“跨历史”方法。通过这些方式，该项目旨在推进一种独特的“连接社区”方法，从头开始建立跨学科和与“现实世界”的联系，而不是回顾性地包括这些。这个试点示范项目旨在对城市公共空间中相互竞争的社区（商业、地方当局、住宅、饮酒者）产生一种创新的、比较的、跨历史的理解。我们的研究成果也将以基于地理信息系统的地图可视化形式呈现，并将通过项目网站、宣传活动、政策简报和两篇合著的学术论文提供。

The image of communities of binge drinkers in city centres is a familiar one, portrayed in the media as a crisis of our culture and of our time. With this project we ask: was it ever thus? Are patterns of drinking with people congregating in public spaces late at night, sold alcohol by commercial enterprises and revelling new or are these familiar and recurring practices and representations of drinking and of competing communities. Can we investigate past times and places to discover whether these spatial, cultural and economic patterns have their distinct roots in individual localities and communities or are there are resonating themes and behaviours across communities? In particular, is the performance of drinking, notions of community spectacle and carnival still part of modern drinking culture? Conversely are the practical and 'every day' questions for community policy and practice on drinking and anti-social behaviour in public spaces today also resonant for the past?To answer these questions, this research project will investigate three different places, three different periods, three different pursuits. Place and period are united through three case studies, while pursuits offer a unifying set of themes through each case study: profit (sellers of food and drink), pleasure (consumers) and policing (social controls). The first two case studies are historical. Case 1 considers 16-17th century Florence; using primarily administrative sources it will map the city's most prominent taverns and the streetscapes around them to understand their crucial place in the community. Case 2 looks at 18th Century London where the widespread outcry around public drinking was matched by the public championing of the value of commerce and sociability that public drinking also implies. We will ask the sources: how important were drinking places in attempts to define communities and class behaviours? To what extent was this effective, resisted, and how it did change the actual sociability of the tavern and its place in neighbourhood/community life?The third study is contemporary; a questionnaire will be used to collect research data and will form the basis of semi-structured interviews with policy makers and practitioners in Bristol today. While Bristol's city centre was made a 'no street drinking zone' in 2004, alcohol is routinely served in large-scale, commercial drinking establishments. This has implications both for how and where drinkers congregate and affects our understandings of conviviality and connectedness and what constitutes 'anti-social' behaviour in the community.In formulating our research questions for past and present we will work closely with our collaborators - the Centre for Cities - and other policy-makers and practitioner networks in our advisory group, scoping the research, reviewing the historical data, developing the questionnaire and disseminating results. Our final dissemination event will bring in participants from PI and CI Connected Community projects: urban designers, planners, the police, private security guards, public health officials, community stakeholder groups (see Impact). In so doing it will develop further the 'cross-historical' method developed by the PI, Fabrizio Nevola, in earlier AHRC funded research on 'Street Life and Street Culture'. In these ways, the project aims to advance a distinctive 'Connected Communities' approach, building interdisciplinarity and connections with 'the real world' from the ground up, rather than including these retrospectively.This pilot demonstrator aims to produce an innovative, comparative, trans-historical understanding of competing communities (commercial, local authorities, residential, drinkers) in civic public spaces. Our research findings, which will also be presented in the form of GIS-based map visualisations, will be made available through a project website, a dissemination event, policy briefing paper, and two co-authored academic papers.