The Ethics of the Alternatives to War

人们普遍认为，应该避免战争，而应该寻求非暴力的替代方案。例如，各种和平主义方法拒绝战争的道德允许性，正义战争理论家断言，如果战争在道德上是正当的，就需要追求战争的合理替代方案(最后手段原则)，与替代方案相比，战争必须利大于弊(相称性原则)。然而，往往缺乏对围绕每一种替代方案以及整个替代方案的问题进行系统的伦理分析。虽然已经对一些潜在的替代方案进行了大量的实证分析，但这些分析并没有详细考虑相关的道德问题。因此，这笔研究金将用于制定一个关于战争替代方案的伦理问题的研究项目。它将特别关注经济制裁、外交、和平行动、非暴力抵抗、解除武装和武装叛军。它最终将产生一本书(临时标题为《战争的公正和不公正的替代方案》)和两篇期刊文章，以及一个研究网络。它将就战争的替代办法和两个中心主题制定一个规范性框架：第一，寻求战争替代办法的理由通常比追求战争的理由重要得多，例如，出于促进和平国际规范的义务；第二，战争有时可能是允许的，因为这些替代办法本身也面临明显的额外问题。我在奖学金期间的工作将回答以下问题：-围绕每一种替代方案的特殊伦理问题是什么？-对战争替代方案的分析是否加强了“修正主义”正义战争理论(它更关注个人在战争中构成不公正威胁的罪责或责任)、“集体主义”正义战争理论(它更关注国家、集体和常规战争规则)或和平主义的理由？-应该如何理解正义战争的最后手段和相称性要求？-需要进行哪些制度改革，才能以最道德合理的方式追求替代方案？一般来说，奖学金对我发展自己的领导能力非常重要。它将加强我在知识交流和公众参与方面的经验，目的是发展必要的技能，以便对政策产生重大和明确的影响，并将导致建立一个关于战争替代办法的新网络。

It is widely held that war should be eschewed and nonviolent alternatives should be pursued instead. For instance, various pacifist approaches reject the moral permissibility of war and Just War Theorists assert that, if war is to be morally justified, reasonable alternatives to war need to be pursued (the principle of last resort) and war must do more good than harm compared to the alternatives (the principle of proportionality). However, there tends to be a lack of systematic ethical analysis of the issues surrounding each of the alternatives, as well as the alternatives as whole. Although there has been significant empirical analysis of some of the potential alternatives, these have not considered in detail the relevant moral issues. Accordingly, the Fellowship will be used to develop a research project on the ethical issues surrounding the alternatives to war. It will focus specifically on economic sanctions, diplomacy, peace operations, nonviolent resistance, disarmament, and arming rebels. It will ultimately lead to a book (provisionally entitled 'Just and Unjust Alternatives to War') and two journal articles, as well as a research network. It will develop a normative framework on the alternatives the war and two central themes: first, the reasons to pursue the alternatives to war are generally much weightier than the reasons to pursue war because, for instance, of duties to contribute to peaceful international norms; second, wars may nevertheless be permissible sometimes because the alternatives face notable, additional problems of their own. My work during the Fellowship will answer the following questions: - What are the particular ethical issues surrounding each of the alternatives? - Does an analysis of the alternatives to war strengthen the case for 'revisionist' Just War Theory (which focuses more on individual culpability or responsibility for posing an unjust threat in war), 'collectivist' Just War Theory (which focuses more on states, collectives, and the conventional rules of war), or pacifism? - How should the Just War requirements of last resort and proportionality be understood? - What institutional reforms are necessary to be able to pursue the alternatives in the most morally justifiable manner? The Fellowship generally will be very important for my developing my leadership skills. It will strengthen my experience of knowledge exchange and public engagement, with the aim of developing the skills necessary to achieve substantial and clear impacts on policy, and will lead to the development of a new network on the alternatives to war.