Turbulent priests: the problem of royal jurisdiction over the religious, 743-1215

中世纪早期，随着西罗马帝国一部分土地上的基督教社会开始重新组织和重组，他们的领导人面临着一个持久而重要的问题：国王和皇帝可以对那些在教会中被赋予正式角色的人行使什么样的权力？本研究项目通过审查管辖权问题来探讨这个问题。在中世纪，统治权与提供正义密切相关，以制定法典的传统为例，但主教、牧师和僧侣都声称不同程度上同样建立了对王室（世俗）正义的豁免。考虑到教会在中世纪欧洲社会的重要性，以及法律对权威观念的中心地位，这个问题的解决在很大程度上是悬而未决的。从八世纪加洛林王朝的崛起开始，这一崛起与英国圣博尼法斯（755年）等人物推动的改革意识形态密切相关，一直持续到十三世纪教皇的出现，教皇似乎可以在一定程度上控制拉丁基督教世界，我将描绘同时代人如何争论国王及其世俗代理人对神职人员和僧侣的管辖权问题。在欧洲大陆，从法国到意大利，以及在英国。我还将使用现存的文献记录，出版和档案，来调查这些理论论点如何与实际发生的事情联系在一起（反之亦然），以提高我们对一个仍然知之甚少的话题的理解。这关系到为解决一些紧迫的历史问题作出贡献的潜力。与教皇格列高利七世相关的格列高利改革在多大程度上标志着教会作为一股独立的历史力量的出现，从而代表了西方基督教历史上的一次急剧断裂？在改革之前、期间和之后，研究王室对神职人员管辖权的实践和争论，将为评估这种性质的历史主张提供一种手段。西方基督教的历史能否像一些历史学家和其他人（如Gauchet）最近所争论的那样，被视为微妙而稳步增长的世俗化，一个为世俗现代性奠定基础的宗教固有的过程？调查那些被归类为正式教会成员的人和那些被归类为非教会成员的人之间的界限是如何产生的，将提供一种从经验角度评估这种有影响力的叙述的方法。在这一时期，教会对神职人员和僧侣的管辖权的限制是否对拉丁西方持久的政治分裂做出了有意义的贡献？尽管有着共同的文化、历史和宗教的强大纽带，以及享有盛誉的罗马广泛统治的传统，这种分裂仍然存在？这些都是具有重大意义和重要性的问题，其答案至少部分根植于中世纪早期，该项目将有助于揭示这些问题。

As Christian societies in lands that had formed part of the Western Roman Empire began to re-organise and restructure in the early Middle Ages, their leaders were faced with a persistent and important problem: what kind of power could kings and emperors exercise over those entrusted with formal roles within the Church? This research project explores this question by examining the issue of jurisdiction. Rulership was closely associated with providing justice in the Middle Ages, exemplified by the tradition of producing codes of law, but bishops, priests and monks all claimed various degrees of equally well-established exemption from royal (secular) justice. Given the importance of the Church in medieval European society, and the centrality of law to ideas of authority, much hung on the resolution of the issue.Beginning with the rise of the Carolingian family in the eighth century, a rise closely associated with the reforming ideology promoted by figures such as the Englishman Saint Boniface (d. 755), and continuing through to the emergence in the thirteenth century of a papacy that could plausibly claim a degree of control over Latin Christendom, I shall chart how contemporaries argued about the issue of the jurisdiction of kings and their secular agents over clerics and monks, both on the European mainland, from Francia to Italy, and in England. I shall also use surviving documentary records, published and archival, to investigate how those theoretical arguments related to what actually happened in practice (and vice versa), in order to improve our comprehension of a still poorly-understood topic.At stake is the potential to contribute towards the resolution of some pressing historical problems. To what extent did the Gregorian Reform, associated with Pope Gregory VII, mark the emergence of the Church as an independent historical force, and so represent a sharp break in western Christian history? Studying the practices of and arguments around royal jurisdiction over clerics before, during and after that reforming moment will provide a means of assessing historical claims of this nature. Can the history of western Christianity be told as one of subtly, steadily increasing secularisation, a process inherent to the religion that laid the foundations for a secular modernity, as some historians and others have recently argued (e.g. Gauchet)? Investigating how boundaries were produced between those classed as formally part of the church and those classed as for these purposes outside it will offer a means of assessing this influential narrative from an empirical angle. Did the limits placed upon royal authority in this period by ecclesiastical restrictions on jurisdiction over ordained clerics and monks contribute meaningfully to the remarkably enduring political fragmentation of the Latin West, a fragmentation that persisted despite the strong bonds of shared culture, history and religion, and prestigious Roman traditions of wide-ranging rule? These are questions of significant scope and importance, whose answers, rooted at least partially in the early Middle Ages, this project will help to uncover.