Socialism Goes Global: Cold War Connections Between the 'Second' and 'Third Worlds'

这个项目探讨了20世纪全球化的一个基本方面，而学者们几乎完全忽视了这个方面：西方同时代人所称的第二和第三世界之间的价值观、文化和信仰的传递、流通和接受。第二次世界大战后，东欧国家通过重新设想它们与非洲、拉丁美洲和东南亚的关系，从根本上重塑了它们的全球角色。他们开发了新形式的全球知识和新的机构，以支持范围广泛的社会主义“输出”计划：戏剧和电影、经济和科学专业知识、人道主义援助和政治理想--所有这些都对东欧在全球范围内翻译“社会主义现代性”的宏大努力至关重要。该项目还重塑了“社会主义大都市”，因为后殖民文化通过大众媒体、政治团结运动以及“第三世界”学生、工人和流亡者的存在而被引入东欧。一个国际学者团队将研究从苏联到民主德国等一系列东欧国家的这场关键的第二次第三世界遭遇，为这种传播的不同形式和地理焦点及其不同影响提供复杂的区域地图。莫斯科、东欧国家作为殖民者或殖民者的特定国家历史，还是集团内部争夺影响力的竞争，对这场冲突产生了怎样的影响？这次相遇带来的互动如何塑造了20世纪历史的核心概念，如发展、政治权利、现代性、大众文化和种族？在全球范围内“输出社会主义现代性”的项目对生活在社会主义下的经历、跨国冷战辩论以及更广泛的社会主义制度的命运产生了什么影响？这个项目有可能超越其自身的时间和地理界限，不仅开辟一个新的领域，而且还改变现有的领域。该项目的合作活动吸引了世界其他地区的专家，将为全球化提供新的方法--尤其是围绕外围国家-外围国家的互动，以及非西方世界之间的思想交流。此外，它将改变战后社会主义的主导方式，其兴衰在很大程度上是从国家或地区的角度进行研究的。相反，该项目将社会主义世界视为一个充满活力的全球交流中心。此外，它对战后欧洲历史做出了重大贡献，解决了以前被忽视的一半欧洲地区非殖民化的影响。该项目还将对知识和实践的转移提供更广泛的见解。首先，它提供了一个强大的视角，通过它来思考20世纪政治意识形态、思想的转移/流通和全球化之间的关系。其次，它开发了其他领域研究的方法，并与之合作：这样做有助于克服区域专家之间的界限，这些界限阻碍了对全球化世界历史的理解。第三，由于“软实力”政治(如俄罗斯和中国在发展中国家)继续发挥重要作用，中国对威权制度与海外价值观转化之间的关系以及文化传播与政治不稳定之间的关系的关注，显然与当代的政策相关。最后，通过BFI主办的电影节和英国广播公司(BBC)计划在俄罗斯革命100周年之际推出的关于“红色全球化”的广播系列节目，我们将为发展更广泛的公众理解做出重大贡献，让公众更广泛地了解在向全球其他地区传递价值观的过程中，文化如何重塑自己。

This project addresses a fundamental aspect of 20th century globalisation that has been almost entirely ignored by scholars: the transmission, circulation and reception of values, cultures, and beliefs between what western contemporaries called the 'Second' and 'Third Worlds'. Following the Second World War, the countries of eastern Europe radically recast their global role by re-imagining their relationships with Africa, Latin America and south-east Asia. They developed new forms of global knowledge and new institutions to support a wide-ranging program of socialist 'export': theatre and film, economic and scientific expertise, humanitarian aid and political ideals-all were essential to eastern Europe's grand effort to translate 'socialist modernity' globally. The project also reshaped the 'socialist metropole', as post-colonial cultures were imported into eastern Europe through, for example, mass media, political solidarity movements, and the presence of 'Third World' students, workers and exiles.An international team of scholars will examine this critical Second-Third World encounter across a range of east European countries, from the Soviet Union to the GDR, providing an intricate regional mapping of the different forms and geographical foci of this transmission, and their varying impacts. How was the encounter shaped by Moscow, by Eastern bloc countries' specific national histories as colonisers or colonised, or by intra-bloc competition for influence? How did the interactions enabled by this encounter shape concepts central to 20th century history, such as development, political rights, modernity, mass culture, and race? What impact did the project of 'exporting socialist modernity' globally have on the experience of living under socialism, on transnational Cold War debates, and on the fate of socialist systems more broadly?This project has the potential to impact beyond its own temporal and geographical boundaries, not only opening out a new field, but also transforming established ones. Drawing in specialists on other world regions, this project's collaborative activities will offer new approaches to globalisation - notably around periphery-periphery interaction, and the circulation of ideas between non-western worlds. Moreover, it will transform dominant approaches to postwar socialism, the rise and fall of which has been studied largely in national or regional terms. Rather, the project examines the socialist world as a dynamic hub of global exchange. In addition, it makes a signal contribution to postwar European history, addressing the impact of decolonisation in a half of Europe previously ignored.This project will also deliver broader insights into the transfer of knowledge and practices. First, it provides a powerful lens through which to consider the relationship between 20th century political ideologies, the transfer/ circulation of ideas, and globalisation. Second, it develops approaches for, and collaborations with, other area studies: in so doing it helps to overcome the boundaries between regional specialists that inhibit understanding the history of a globalised world. Third, its concern with the relationship between authoritarian systems and the translation of values abroad, and between cultural transmission and political instability, has clear contemporary policy relevance, as 'soft power' politics (e.g. by Russia and China in the developing world) continue to play a major role. Last, through a BFI-run film festival and a proposed BBC radio series on 'red globalisation', scheduled to co-incide with the 100th anniversary of the Russian Revolution, we will make a significant contribution to the development of a broader public understanding of how cultures reshape themselves in the process of translating values to, and from, other parts of the globe.