Liberalism and the Jews: an international history

自由主义是19世纪的主流意识形态，自那以后一直是西方政治文化的主要共同元素之一。该奖学金将启动一项雄心勃勃的新研究议程，首次将犹太自由主义激进主义作为一种国际现象进行探索。它同样关注自由主义和现代犹太历史，将促进这两个领域之间的相互促进。这项研究将产生一本书，“1848年的孩子：从革命到人权的自由主义和犹太人”；框架性较强的文章；以及一个探讨犹太妇女在自由国际主义中的独特地位的研讨会。这些活动补充了PI指导的访问奖学金计划，该计划探索“自由主义，犹太人，反犹太主义：1780-1950年的包容辩证法”，并在一次主要的国际会议中达到高潮。会议和研讨会都将导致合作出版物。犹太人和犹太人问题是自由主义者关注的许多问题的核心：从资本主义及其对传统社会的影响，到宗教宽容、公民权利和世俗主义，再到帝国主义、国际主义和全球化时代的国家认同和种族等级问题。犹太商人、政治家、记者、律师、社会女伴和社会改革家在自由主义崛起的时刻不断成为关键人物：从1848年革命，到“自由时代”的德国和奥地利，再到爱德华七世时代的英国、乔利蒂的意大利和新政。例如维也纳革命领袖阿道夫·费希霍夫；意大利总理路易吉·卢扎蒂；雨果·普鲁斯，魏玛宪法的起草者；国际女权主义者和社会改革者爱丽丝·所罗门；以及美国最高法院法官路易斯·布兰代斯。后来，路德维希·冯·米塞斯、赫施·劳特帕赫特和以赛亚·伯林等犹太经济学家、律师和哲学家在两次世界大战之间成熟起来，帮助重新定义了20世纪的自由主义。这个故事的一些线索是熟悉的，但在如此长的时间框架内，在如此广泛的地理和政治背景下，这种动态的总体重要性仍然模糊不清。这个项目将犹太人视为自由主义的参与者，而不仅仅是自由主义想象的对象，它在几个关键方面开辟了新的领域。首先，对犹太自由主义激进主义的强调削弱了现有自由主义学术的核心假设，即自由主义是基督教欧洲的产物。因此，它有望阐明“现在主义”关于自由普遍主义本质的辩论，并引申为人权起源的辩论。一旦我们认识到西方自由主义的构建距离边缘有多远，我们对西方自由主义作为一种政治传统的看法会发生怎样的变化？其次，本项目从一个新的角度探讨了犹太人在欧美政治生活中的融合问题。现代犹太政治的史学研究主要涉及社会主义和犹太复国主义。甚至对犹太自由主义运动感兴趣的历史学家也主要是从犹太人权利的角度来看待这个问题的。这种观点太过局限，无法描述自由派政治领袖的政治生涯，他们的影响力和议程并非由他们的犹太教决定，尽管这对他们来说很少是偶然的。这些人物可能是个人传记的主题，但他们之间的联系和相似之处仍未被探索，就像支持他们活动的更广泛的自由派和犹太人网络一样。第三，该项目带来了反映全球和帝国主义的自由主义的新作品，与植根于地方和国家背景的自由主义和犹太人的旧作品进行了对话。它位于西方自由主义史学和现代犹太史学的交汇处，有望对这两个领域产生变革性的影响。

Liberalism was the dominant ideology of the 19th century and has served as one of the principal common elements in Western political culture ever since. This Fellowship will launch an ambitious new research agenda that explores Jewish liberal activism as an international phenomenon for the first time. Equally concerned with liberalism and with modern Jewish history, it will promote cross-fertilisation between these fields.This research will generate a book, "Children of 1848: Liberalism and the Jews from the Revolutions to Human Rights"; a comparatively framed article; and a workshop exploring the distinctive place of Jewish women in liberal internationalism. These activities complement a Visiting Fellowship program directed by the PI exploring 'Liberalism, Jews, Anti-semitism: the Dialectics of Inclusion c.1780-1950' and culminating in a major international conference. Both the conference and workshop will lead to collaborative publications. Jews and the Jewish question lay at the heart of many issues that preoccupied liberals: from capitalism and its impact on traditional societies, through religious toleration, civil rights and secularism, to problems of national identity and racial hierarchy in an age of empire, internationalism and globalization. Repeatedly, Jewish businessmen, politicians, journalists, lawyers, society hostesses and social reformers emerged as key figures during moments of liberal ascendancy: from the 1848 revolutions, through 'liberal era' Germany and Austria, to Edwardian England, Giolitti's Italy and the New Deal. Examples include Viennese revolutionary leader Adolf Fischhof; Italian Prime Minister Luigi Luzzatti; Hugo Preuss writer of the Weimar Constitution; international feminist and social reformer, Alice Salomon; and US Supreme Court Judge Louis Brandeis. Later, Jewish economists, lawyers and philosophers like Ludwig von Mises, Hersch Lauterpacht and Isaiah Berlin, all of whom reached maturity between the wars, helped redefine liberalism in the 20th century. Some strands of this story are familiar, but the overarching importance of this dynamic - over such a long timeframe, in such a wide variety of geographical and political contexts - remains obscured. Focusing on Jews as liberal actors, not just objects of the liberal imagination, this project breaks new ground in several key respects.First, the emphasis on Jewish liberal activism undercuts an assumption that lies at the heart of existing scholarship on liberalism, namely that liberalism was a product of Christian Europe. It therefore promises to illuminate 'presentist' debates about the nature of liberal universalism and, by extension, the origins of human rights. How does our view of Western liberalism as a political tradition change, once we appreciate how far it was constructed from the margins?Second, this project addresses the problem of Jewish integration in European and American political life from a new angle. The historiography of modern Jewish politics has engaged primarily with socialism and zionism. Even historians interested in Jewish liberal activism have approached this largely from a Jewish-rights perspective. This optic is too limited to address the political careers of leading liberal politicians, whose impact and agendas were not defined by their Judaism, although it was rarely incidental to them. Such figures may be the subject of individual biographies, but the connections and parallels between them remain unexplored, as do the broader liberal and Jewish networks that underpinned their activity. Third, the project brings new work on liberalism that reflects the global and imperial turns into conversation with older work on liberalism and the Jews, rooted in local and national contexts. Sitting at the interface between the historiography of Western liberalism and modern Jewish history, it promises to make a transformative impact on both fields.