Cultural Landscape risk Identification, Management and Assessment (CLIMA)

欧洲拥有丰富多样的文化遗产资源，其中包括风景和景观元素，包括直立的纪念碑、埋藏的考古遗址和文物。这种文化遗产受到环境过程和人为压力的威胁，特别是受到集约化农业活动和气候变化的威胁。这对这些敏感的文化景观及其保存的历史、考古和环境档案构成了一系列直接和未来的威胁。最近在英国和意大利进行的研究强调，农村地区至少70%的考古遗址受到农业活动造成的直接和有形破坏。除了直接破坏(由于耕作、排水、灌溉等)，农业还被证明增加了土壤侵蚀的程度，影响了土壤的性质，降低了土壤保护埋藏遗产的能力，影响了结构的稳定性，放大了裸露结构的自然退化。与此同时，气候变化是我们今天面临的最重要和最紧迫的问题之一，它对自然和社会系统(农业、人类健康、林业和基础设施)，包括文化遗产产生了影响。事实证明，这些压力的后果对欧洲文化景观是灾难性的，庞贝和罗马奥雷利亚墙最近的坍塌就证明了这一点。负责保护文化景观的当局清楚地认识到，与预防性干预相比，修复干预需要巨大的成本，因此，他们需要系统、有效、可用和负担得起的工具来监测退化过程并进行预防性维护。鉴于上述关键问题，监测气候变化(环境压力)和农业活动(人为压力)可能产生的土壤过程和土壤利用变化，可以帮助防止对我们埋藏和暴露的考古遗产的破坏。CLIMA项目旨在促进高度跨学科的研究，一方面以以土壤为基础的方法监测和模拟可能影响文化保护的土壤过程，同时设计和开发一个多任务网络地理信息系统平台，将先进的卫星和地面遥感技术结合起来，绘制和监测考古遗迹的文化景观。CLIMA平台将能够创建高分辨率地图并记录考古特征(异常、土壤痕迹、作物痕迹等)。通过使用光学高分辨率卫星图像并对其进行创新处理，将其与埋藏遗骸联系起来。此外，它还将能够生成旨在监测人文景观中的人类和自然变化，特别是土地利用变化和植被变化(增加或减少)的定期警示地图。气候变化还将允许获取有关数据的时间序列，这些数据涉及查明与滑坡和下沉现象有关的直立建筑结构和地表移动，以及与侵蚀过程有关的地表变化，以便制作定期脆弱性地图。此外，将利用现场伽马能谱技术开发一种创新的地面工具，用于测绘和监测受农业活动影响的土壤横向侵蚀和垂直扰动，以便能够对考古遗址的土壤侵蚀进行实时、非破坏性的驾车勘测。这将特别有助于监测和管理农业和农村文化景观土地利用变化带来的风险。

Europe has rich and diverse cultural heritage resources, which include landscapes and landscape elements, comprising standing monuments, buried archaeological sites, and artefacts. This cultural heritage is endangered by environmental processes and anthropogenic pressures, and specifically by intensive agriculture activities and climate change. These pose a range of immediate and future threats to these sensitive cultural landscapes and the historical, archaeological and environmental archives they preserve. Recent research carried out both in Britain and Italy, has highlighted that at least 70% of archaeological sites in rural areas are subject to direct and physical damages caused by agricultural activity. In addition to direct damages (due to ploughing, drainage, irrigation, etc.), agriculture has also been shown to increase the extent of soil erosion and to affect the soil properties, reducing the ability of the soil to preserve the buried heritage and affecting the structural stability and amplifying the natural deterioration of the exposed structures. Meanwhile, climate change is one of the most important and urgent problems facing us today, with implications for natural and societal systems (agriculture, human health, forestry, and infrastructure) including cultural heritage. The consequences of these pressures are proving to be catastrophic for the European Cultural Landscape as testified by recent collapses in Pompeii and the Aurelian Walls in Rome. The authorities responsible for the preservation of the cultural landscape are well aware of the huge costs required by rehabilitation intervention as compared with preventive ones, hence they require systematic, effective, usable and affordable tools to monitor the degradation process and enabling preventive maintenance.n light of the critical issues described above, monitoring soil processes and soil use changes that can be produced by climate changes (environmental pressures) and agricultural activities (anthropogenic pressures) can therefore help to prevent damages to our buried and exposed archaeological heritage. The CLIMA project aims to promote highly interdisciplinary research, based on one hand on a soil-oriented approach to monitoring and modelling soil based processes that may affect cultural preservation, whilst designing and developing a multi-task WebGIS platform, to combine advanced satellite and ground based remote sensing technologies for mapping and monitoring of cultural landscapes with archaeological remains.The CLIMA platform will be able to create high resolution maps and to document archaeological features (anomalies, soilmarks, cropmarks, etc.) linked to buried remains, by the using and the innovative processing of optical high resolution satellite images. In addition it will be able to generate periodic warning maps aimed at monitoring human and natural changes in the cultural landscapes and in particular, land use change and vegetation change (increase or reduction). CLIMA will also allow the acquisition of time sequences of data concerned with identifying minimal shifts in standing architectural structures, and movements of ground surface related to landslides and subsidence phenomena, as well as alterations of the ground surface related to erosion processes, in order to produce periodic vulnerability maps. Furthermore, an innovative ground-based tool for mapping and monitoring lateral soil erosion and vertical disturbance of soils affected by agricultural activities will be developed utilizing in-situ gamma spectrometry technology to enable real-time, non-destructive drive-over survey of soil erosion across archaeological sites. This will be particularly powerful for monitoring and managing risk from agriculture and land use change in rural cultural landscapes.