"To Have and To Hold": Understanding the Relationship between Forced Marriage and Modern Slavery.

自2017年以来，国际劳工组织（ILO）已将强迫婚姻纳入其全球奴隶制估计（GES）。随后，国际刑事法院将强迫婚姻列为性奴役的一种形式，联合国当代形式奴隶制问题特别报告员将强迫婚姻与奴隶制明确联系起来（Shahinian 2012）。2018年，在英国首次成功起诉强迫婚姻后，英国非政府组织Karma Nirvana呼吁根据《现代奴役法》起诉类似案件。因此，在国家和国际舞台上，强迫婚姻和奴役被联系在一起。这就提出了关于强迫婚姻与奴隶制之间关系的关键问题，而这些问题至今尚未得到解答，这不仅仅是一个脱离现实的概念问题。40.3据估计，今天有100万人生活在奴隶制中，其中1540万人处于强迫婚姻中（国际劳工组织，2018年）。将强迫婚姻纳入GES不仅大大增加了被承认为生活在奴隶制中的人数，而且揭示了现代奴隶制的性别本质：尽管男性也是强迫婚姻的受害者，但妇女和女孩占现代奴隶制受害者的71%（国际劳工组织2018年）。正如Allain（2015年）指出的那样，“从法律的角度来看，强迫婚姻不是奴隶制.然而...也就是说，至少在某些强迫婚姻和现代奴隶制之间似乎确实存在联系。然而，这种关系既不是显而易见的，在国际法或国内法中也不是显而易见的。可持续发展目标（SDG）分别对待强迫婚姻和现代奴隶制（分别在SDG目标5.3和8.7下）。1920年《禁奴公约》和《贝拉焦-哈佛关于奴隶制法律的参数的准则》对现代奴隶制的定义是将一个人当作另一个人的财产对待。然而，在强迫婚姻中，重点是初次结婚仪式未经同意。作为财产的待遇和未经同意可能有联系，但它们并不完全相同。因此，“强迫婚姻”显然不是奴隶制的一种形式，不应被列入GES。然而，正如阿兰所说，“然而，'.我的多学科项目将是第一个解释为什么某些类型的婚姻应该被视为现代奴隶制的形式，正确地包括在GES中。我试图回答以下研究问题：RQ 1：在多大程度上，如果有的话，强迫婚姻是现代奴隶制的一种形式？建议问题2：目前法律所界定的强迫婚姻是否真的包含了规范问题？什么样的婚姻，如果有的话，应该被视为现代奴隶制的形式？为了回答这些问题，我：1）借鉴过去哲学家对婚姻如何构成一种奴隶制形式的细致入微和复杂的分析，以表明真实的规范问题的基本要素并不包括在“强迫”婚姻的现代概念中。（问题1、2和3）2）整理当前强迫婚姻的法律的定义，并了解这些定义如何与对现代奴隶制的理解相关联（问题1和2）3）探索幸存者关于强迫婚姻和奴役的现有叙述资料（RQ 1、2和3）系统调查关于强迫婚姻和/或可能是奴役形式的婚姻的现有经验研究，包括合作伙伴Walk Free和Karma Nirvana（建议问题1、2和3）5）对可以说构成类似奴隶制的制度或做法的婚姻进行分类，并对全球社会正当地寻求消除的规范问题进行定义，目前被称为“强迫婚姻”（问题1和3）6）与项目合作伙伴“自由行走”一起，为全球性别平等战略的数据收集提供投入，从而使全球强迫婚姻的数字更加准确，并制定了一个新的可持续发展目标指标，以纳入全球奴隶制指数，更好地衡量在消除强迫婚姻和现代奴隶制方面取得的进展（RQ 3）。

Since 2017 the International Labour Organisation (ILO) has included forced marriage in its Global Estimates of Slavery (GES). This followed including forced marriage as a form of sexual slavery at the International Criminal Court, and explicit linkage of forced marriage to slavery by the UN's Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Slavery (Shahinian 2012). In 2018, after the first successful English prosecution for forced marriage, UK NGO Karma Nirvana called for similar cases to be prosecuted under the Modern Slavery Act. Forced marriage and slavery are thus being linked on the national and international stage. This raises key and as yet unanswered questions about the relation between forced marriage and slavery.This is not merely a conceptual problem divorced from reality. 40.3 million people are estimated to live in slavery today, 15.4 million of them in forced marriage (ILO 2018). The inclusion of forced marriage in the GES has not only greatly increased the number of people recognised as living in slavery, but revealed the gendered nature of modern slavery: though men are also victims of forced marriage, women and girls account for 71% of modern slavery victims (ILO 2018).As Allain (2015) notes, 'in legal terms, forced marriage is not slavery...and yet...': that is, there does seem to be a link between at least some instances of forced marriage and modern slavery. However, this relationship is neither immediately obvious, nor made plain in international or domestic law. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) treat forced marriage and modern slavery separately (under SDG Targets 5.3 and 8.7 respectively). The definition of slavery in the 1920 Slavery Convention, and the Bellagio-Harvard Guidelines on the Legal Parameters of Slavery's definition of modern slavery, is treatment of one person as property by another. With forced marriage, however, the focus is on lack of consent to the initial ceremony. Treatment as property and lack of consent may be connected, but they are not identical. 'Forced marriage', then, is not obviously a form of slavery, liable for inclusion in the GES. And yet, as Allain says, 'and yet...'. My multidisciplinary project would be the first to explain why certain types of marriage should be seen as forms of modern slavery, rightly included in the GES. I seek to answer the following research questions:RQ1: To what extent, if any, is forced marriage a form of modern slavery?RQ2: Does forced marriage as currently defined in law really encapsulate the normative problem?RQ3: What types of marriage, if any, ought to be seen as forms of modern slavery? In order to answer these questions I:1) Draw on the work of past philosophers' nuanced and sophisticated analyses of how marriage constitutes a form of slavery to show that fundamental elements of the real normative problem are not covered by the modern notion of 'forced' marriage (RQs 1,2 and 3).2) Collate current legal definitions of forced marriage, and see how these map onto understandings of modern slavery (RQs 1 and 2).3) Explore the corpus of existing survivor narratives regarding forced marriage and slavery (RQs 1,2 and 3).4) Conduct a systematic survey of existing empirical research on instances of forced marriage and/or marriages which could be forms of slavery, including by partners Walk Free and Karma Nirvana (RQs1,2 and 3).5) Generate typologies of marriages which arguably constitute an institution or practice similar to slavery, and a definition of the normative problem the global community is rightfully seeking to eliminate, currently referred to as 'forced' marriage (RQs 1 and 3).6) With project partner Walk Free, input into data-collection for the GES, leading to more accurate numbers for forced marriage globally and development of a new SDG Target Indicator for inclusion in the Global Slavery Index, to better measure progress towards eradication of forced marriage and modern slavery (RQ3).