Historicising Natures, Cultures and Laws in the Etosha-Kunene Conservation Territories of Namibia

在极端社会排斥和边缘化的历史背景下，保护生物多样性丰富的景观如何与过去达成协议[Vergangenheitsbewältigung] ？关键的生物多样性地区的全球价值建立在非历史的自然观念上，如何抵制不加批判的存在主义，更好地理解与不同的人类历史和价值观纠缠在一起？保护政策和实践如何认识到围绕“自然的本质”的深刻文化和语言差异？我们的研究通过一个跨学科的人文项目来回答这些问题，该项目分析了前德国殖民地（现为纳米比亚）库内内地区保护区的动态维度。库内的埃托沙国家公园和邻近的埃托沙以外的保护区是各种土著和边缘化民族的家园。我们的研究团队由来自德国、英国和纳米比亚的三名女性学者组成，他们在埃托沙-库内进行了50多年的民族志、档案、口述历史和生计调查。我们提出了一项新的三年合作计划，包括六个交叉工作包（WPs）：关于“埃托沙-库内内社会生态政策的历史化”的WP1提供了影响该地区自然和人民的公共保护政策的详细话语分析和历史，质疑不断变化的影响、利益和治理技术；WP2“比较土著视角”将我们在该地区的长期研究整合为对土著Khoe， San和Himba-Herero对自然的理解的新的比较分析-超越人类，借鉴当前的自然人类学理论；WP3主题为“在埃托沙-库内形成身份和土著”，探讨了土著身份是如何形成的，特别关注“霍”和“桑”身份是如何在民族志、语言、保护和法律话语中呈现出鲜明和交叉的；WP4关于“埃托沙-库内的殖民空间化”（re）追溯了19世纪中期选定的殖民地欧洲行动者的思想和实践，将他们的书面叙述与居住在同一地方和空间的土著对话者进行了对话（见WP2）；WP5关于“收集，策展和归还埃托沙-库内内的性质”调查了我们在WP4中研究的欧洲参与者（主要是男性）组装的标本文物的自然历史收藏品如何代表和塑造了埃托沙-库内内的性质；WP6注重公众参与，通过移动展览、网站和一系列研讨会分享和进一步探讨wp1 -5中出现的问题。总之，我们提供了对埃托沙-库内的多声音和激进的历史化分析，为殖民、土著和“自然史”提供了新的思考。我们的目标是支持保护法律和实践，以更充分地认识到构成这一具有国际价值的地区的历史、文化和自然的多样性。

How can conservation of biodiversity-rich landscapes come to terms with the past [Vergangenheitsbewältigung], given historical contexts of extreme social exclusion and marginalisation? How can key biodiversity areas whose global value rests on ahistorical ideas of Nature resist an uncritical presentism, to be better understood as entangled with diverse human histories and values? How can conservation policy and practice recognise deep cultural and linguistic differences around 'the nature of nature'?Our research responds to these questions through a cross-disciplinary humanities programme analysing dynamic dimensions of conservation territories in the Kunene Region of the former German colony that is now Namibia. Kunene's Etosha National Park and neighbouring beyond-Etosha conservation designations are home to diverse indigenous and marginalised peoples. Our research team of three women academics in Germany, the UK and Namibia has a combined 50+ years of ethnographic, archival, oral history and livelihoods enquiry in Etosha-Kunene. We propose a new collaborative three-year programme of six intersecting work packages (WPs):WP1 on 'Historicising Socio-ecological Policy in Etosha-Kunene' offers a detailed discourse analysis and history of public conservation policy affecting natures and peoples associated with the region, interrogating shifting influences, interests and governance technologies;WP2 on 'Comparative Indigenous Perspectives' assembles our long-term research in the region into a new comparative analysis of indigenous Khoe, San and Himba-Herero understandings of natures-beyond-the-human, drawing on current theories in the anthropology of nature;WP3 on 'Making Identity and Indigeneity in Etosha-Kunene' explores how indigenous identities are made, focusing especially on how distinct and intersecting 'Khoe' and 'San' identities have been present(ed) in ethnographic, linguistic, conservation and legal discourse;WP4 on 'Spatialising Coloniality in Etosha-Kunene' (re)traces the thought and practices of selected colonial European actors from the mid-1800s, bringing their written narratives into conversation with indigenous interlocutors inhabiting the same places and spaces (see WP2);WP5 on 'Collecting, Curating and Returning Etosha-Kunene Natures' investigates how the natures of Etosha-Kunene have been both represented and shaped by natural history collections of specimen-artefacts assembled by the (mostly male) European actors we study in WP4;WP6 focuses on public engagements, via a mobile exhibition, a website, and a series of workshops sharing and further exploring issues arising in WPs 1-5.In sum, we offer a multivocal and radically historicised analysis of Etosha-Kunene that contributes new thinking on coloniality, indigeneity and 'natural history'. Our aim is to support conservation laws and praxis to more fully recognise the diversity of pasts, cultures and natures constituting this internationally-valued region.