Rabbinic Civil Law in the Context of Ancient Legal History: A Legal Compendium to the Bavot Tractates of the Talmud Yerushalmi

公元70年后，拉比在罗马巴勒斯坦与罗马法学家一起担任非正式和非官方的法律审判员。他们的判例包括罗马法学家也涉及的民法领域，如家庭法、财产法(包括继承和遗嘱)、贸易法(包括市场监管和进出口业务)和劳动法。拉比法规和民法事项的法律先例收集在犹太法典耶路莎米的巴沃特地区。这些履带属于公元前4世纪编辑的内子琴教团。虽然拉比希望他们的犹太人同胞能够向他们寻求法律建议，但犹太人也可以将他们的案件提交给罗马的审判员、法院和总督。有一些理由相信，诉讼人选择了那些裁决对他们的案件最有利的审判员。由于拉比、罗马，可能还有希腊法律之间的本地竞争，拉比很可能已经对非犹太人的司法管辖权有了一些熟悉，即使他们没有上过罗马法学院，也没有学习拉丁文和希腊文的法律文本。正如我们自己和其他学者以前的研究表明的那样，只有在与罗马和(很少情况下)希腊化法律联系在一起并以其为背景来看待民法问题时，才能正确地理解犹太教的论述。在希腊化和罗马法的背景下对晚期古代拉比法律进行比较研究，可以发现在共同价值观和关切的形式上的相似之处，对法律问题的相似解决方案，以及对相同细节的关注，但也有显著而有趣的差异。需要在仔细阅读和分析希伯来语-阿拉姆语、希腊语和拉丁语原始文本的基础上，并在各自的法律汇编的审判员和编辑所经历的政治、社会经济和宗教文化条件的背景下，审查两者的相似和不同之处。到目前为止，还没有对古代法律史背景下的犹太法典耶鲁哈米进行全面的法律研究。有了这个项目，我们将开始填补这一空白，把重点放在犹太法典的巴沃特地区。在为期一年的时间里，我们将重点关注三个巴沃特人中的每一个，确定犹太教关于罗马民法共有问题的关键单位，如查士丁尼的《文摘》和/或更早的罗马法律汇编和希腊化纸莎草纸所证明的那样。这些文本将被检查文本批评，翻译，并在平行的栏目中提出，然后被单独分析，并就它们的文学形式，意义，编辑变化，和历史上下文相互比较。目标是创建一个法律纲要的犹太法典耶路莎米巴沃特手稿，可以作为未来比较法律研究的基础，并导致将拉比民法纳入古代法律历史的背景下。我们的跨学科方法，整合了文献学、社会历史学和法律史学方法，旨在成为未来对犹太法典耶路莎米的多卷法律评论的典范，该项目将把跨学科合作扩展到德国和英国以外，也包括来自美国、以色列和其他欧洲国家的学者。

Rabbis functioned as informal and unofficial legal adjudicators alongside Roman jurists in Roman Palestine after 70 CE. Their jurisprudence included areas of civil law that Roman jurists also dealt with, such as family law, property law, including inheritance and testaments, trade law, including market supervision and import and export business, and employment law. Rabbinic regulations and legal precedents on civil law matters are collected in the Bavot tractates of the Talmud Yerushalmi. These tractates belong to the order of Neziqin (= Damages), edited in the fourth century CE. While rabbis hoped that their fellow-Jews would approach them for legal advice, Jews could also bring their cases before Roman adjudicators, courts, and governors. There is some reason to believe that litigants chose those adjudicators whose rulings would be most advantageous to their cases. Because of the local competition between rabbinic, Roman, and possibly also Hellenistic law, rabbis are likely to have acquired some familiarity with non-Jewish jurisdiction, even if they did not attend Roman law schools and study legal texts in Latin and Greek. As our own and other scholars previous studies have shown, rabbinic discourse on civil law issues can be understood properly only when viewed in connection with and on the background of Roman, and (less often) Hellenistic law. A comparative study of late antique rabbinic law within the context of Hellenistic and Roman law can reveal similarities in the form of shared values and concerns, similar solutions to legal problems, and attention to the same details but also significant and interesting differences. Both similarities and differences need to be examined on the basis of a close reading and analysis of the original Hebrew-Aramaic, Greek, and Latin texts and in the context of the political, socio-economic, and religious-cultural conditions the respective adjudicators and editors of the legal compilations experienced. To date, no comprehensive legal study of the Talmud Yeruhalmi in the context of ancient legal history has been carried out. With this project we shall begin to fill this lacuna by focusing on the Bavot tractates of the Talmud. Focusing on each of the three Bavot for one year, we shall identify key units of rabbinic discourse on issues that are shared with Roman civil law as evidenced in Justinian's Digest and/or earlier Roman legal collections and Hellenistic papyri. The texts will be examined text-critically, translated, and presented in parallel columns before being analysed individually and compared with each other with regard to their literary forms, meanings, editorial changes, and historical contexts.The goal is to create a Legal Compendium to the Bavot Tractates of the Talmud Yerushalmi that can serve as the basis for future comparative legal studies and lead towards the integration of rabbinic civil law into the context of ancient legal history. Our interdisciplinary approach, which integrates philological, social-historical, and legal historical methodologies, is meant to serve as a model for a future multi-volume Legal Commentary to the Talmud Yerushalmi, a project which would expand interdisciplinary collaboration beyond Germany and the UK to also include scholars from the U.S., Israel, and other European countries.