(MIS)TRANSLATING DECEIT: DISINFORMATION AS A TRANSLINGUAL, DISCURSIVE DYNAMIC

乌克兰战争、新冠肺炎和特朗普当选总统凸显了虚假信息对民主的威胁。然而，冷战时期的二元论隐含的持久性--民主的“说真话”与极权主义的“欺骗”--甚至与本土的虚假信息有关--严重阻碍了在多极大数据时代应对这一问题的努力。其结果是出现了大量差异化的术语：虚假信息、错误信息、假新闻、后真相和占星术，仅举几例。这种二分观点既没有注意到虚假信息的有争议的意义，也没有注意到它所指定的叙事是如何随着时间、语言和文化的变化而变化的。这些局限性解释了“大错特错”行业的出现：监控倡议的蓬勃发展，其成功取决于保持一种无差别的有毒沼泽的感觉，而不是试图区分语言、意义、文化或语境的细微差别。在将虚假信息与宣传、阴谋论和巨魔等相关概念混为一谈时，这种简化论模糊了虚假信息行为者的运作模式，为他们提供了使用针对他们的词汇的反叙事。通过重建虚假信息的多个边界--时间、语言、文化--翻译欺骗(MD)将从根本上重新定位现有的虚假信息方法。它将审问关于虚假信息的常见误解，将其视为在社会政治偶发话语领域内形成的一种翻译的、历史上发生突变的现象。大量虚假信息对克里姆林宫渎职行为的长期关注，以及乌克兰战争的支持，促使我们强调与俄罗斯和苏联有关的多语言叙事。但通过在一个庞大的翻译网络中找到俄语节点，我们将创建一个识别和打击不同来源的虚假信息做法的模式。以影响为核心，MD提出了一种强有力的跨学科干预，展示了人文学者如何应对重大的全球挑战。它建立了一个新颖的跨部门合作模式，包括顶尖学者、英国顶级智库英国皇家国际事务研究所、欧洲虚假信息监测机构(EUDisinfoLab)和英国通信办公室，它利用了历史、翻译研究、受众研究、媒体研究和安全政策方面的专业知识。它的语言范围结合了对虚假信息的历史和理论至关重要的语言--俄语、英语和德语--以及阿拉伯语、塞尔维亚语、法语和西班牙语的补充数据(所有这些语言都在对俄罗斯有重要意义的地区使用)。它是围绕案例研究构建的，重点是最近被虚假信息追踪者发现的5种多语言叙事和2种冷战时期的历史先例。它们的基础是批评话语分析(CDA)的变体，受到巴赫特对话主义、翻译研究和数字方法的影响，这些方法旨在揭示叙事如何在网上传播，并在支离破碎的社交媒体格式中上演。CDA与受众人种学相吻合，并采用了一种独特的查塔姆之家模拟方法，旨在测试在当地背景下对虚假信息的政策反应。我们将回答有关虚假信息跨越时间和语言边界的突变，以及翻译和反虚假信息(例如，事实核查)在塑造其含义方面所起的作用。反虚假信息从业者的参与保证了反身性维度的关键，我们将创建一个变革性的关键虚假信息研究工具集，以捕捉虚假信息生产-消费-反应的完整周期。产出包括一本书、研讨会系列和期刊文章，介绍媒体和接受研究、以语言为基础的领域研究、历史、翻译研究和医学人文。我们的查塔姆之家领导的影响方案将为利益攸关方生成报告，包括FCO和DCMS，以及我们的工具包的面向用户的版本。

The Ukraine war, Covid-19 and the Trump presidency highlight the threat disinformation poses to democracy. Yet the implicit persistence of Cold War binaries - pitting democratic 'truth-telling' against totalitarian 'deceit', even in relation to homegrown disinformation - has seriously hampered attempts to counter this problem in the multipolar, Big Data age. The result is a glut of poorly differentiated terms: disinformation, misinformation, fake news, post-truth, and astroturfing, to name just a few. This dichotomous viewpoint heeds neither the contested meaning of disinformation, nor how the narratives it designates change across time, languages and cultures. These limitations explain the emergence of a 'Big Disinfo' industry: the burgeoning of monitoring initiatives whose success depends on maintaining the sense of an undifferentiated morass of toxicity rather than trying to draw out fine distinctions of language, meaning, culture or context. In conflating disinformation with related concepts like propaganda, conspiracy theories, and trolling, such reductionism obscures the operational modes of disinformation actors, furnishing them with counter-narratives that use the very lexicon deployed against them. By reconstructing disinformation's multiple border crossings - temporal, linguistic, cultural - (Mis)translating Deceit (MD) will radically re-orient existing approaches to disinformation. It will interrogate common misconceptions about disinformation, treating it as a translingual, historically mutating phenomenon forged within the socio-politically contingent realm of discourse. Big Disinfo's abiding focus on Kremlin malfeasance, bolstered by the Ukraine war, motivates our emphasis on multilingual narratives linked to Russia and the USSR. But by pinpointing the Russian node in a vast translingual network, we will create a model for identifying and combatting disinformation practices of diverse provenance. With impact at its core, MD proposes a potent interdisciplinary intervention, showcasing how humanities scholars can address major global challenges. Forging a novel, cross-sectoral collaborative model involving leading academics, the UK's top think tank, Chatham House, a European disinformation monitor (EUDisinfoLab) and OFCOM, it draws on expertise in history, translation studies, audience research, media studies and security policy. Its linguistic scope combines languages paramount to the history and theory of disinformation - Russian, English, and German - with supplementary data in Arabic, Serbian, French and Spanish (all spoken in areas of significance to Russia). It is structured around case studies focused on 5 multilingual narratives recently identified by disinformation trackers and 2 historical antecedents from the Cold War period. They are underpinned by a variant of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) inflected with Bakhtinian dialogism, translation studies and digital methods designed to reveal how narratives travel online and play out in fragmented social media format. The CDA dovetails with audience ethnography, and a unique Chatham House simulation methodology designed to test policy responses to disinformation in local contexts. We will answer questions about disinformation's mutation across borders of time and language, and the roles played by translation and counter-disinformation (e.g., fact checking) in shaping its meanings. The involvement of counter-disinformation practitioners guarantees the reflexive dimension key to a transformative Critical Disinformation Studies toolset we will create to capture the full disinformation production-consumption-response cycle. Outputs include a book, seminar series and journal articles pitched to media and reception studies, language-based area studies, history, translation studies and medical humanities. Our Chatham House-led impact programme will generate reports for stakeholders, including the FCO and DCMS, and a user-oriented version of our toolset.