SCHEMATIC KNOWLEDGE INFLUENCES ON MEMORY IN ADULTHOOD

已经进行了大量的研究来检验人的记忆技能 上了年纪的人。直到最近，这项工作的很大一部分 在评估中使用了传统的实验室记忆任务 记忆的功能。尽管这项工作在 这项研究得出的结论是关于 对日常记忆功能的理解一直受到质疑。 具体而言，使用的任务(例如，不相关的学习列表 单词)似乎与记忆处理的类型相关 这通常发生在一个人的生活中。如果一种理解 是关于年龄如何影响一个人的能力 功能和适应他或她的环境，研究必须集中 关于被认为与上下文相关的过程。与此相一致 推理，拟议的研究关注于检查 与日常记忆密切相关的进程的效率 功能正常。具体地说，成人年龄差异的影响 日常知识结构、图式对记忆表现的影响 将会被检查。这种知识结构被假定为提供 指导日常活动的框架，如杂货店 购物和洗衣服。模式有益于 保留是因为假设它们有助于理解 常见事件的组织结构，并为 记住在这些事件中发生的事情。关于…… 随着年龄的增长，假设原理图处理特别是 有益的，因为它减少了处理所需的工作量 信息。在一定程度上，在记忆情况下的性能 取决于这样的加工，年龄差异应该是留存 最低限度。相反，当内存处理需要使用 更费力的与上下文无关的流程，如排练，较旧 成年人应该处于不利地位。提出了六个实验 以检查内存性能。这些研究将改变需求 被置于记忆中的年轻人和老年人身上，试图 发现年龄差异表现的条件 都是最棒的。据推测，年龄差距将是 在最接近发生的情况下最小的 在日常情况下(例如，有意义的刺激、活跃的 对记忆事件的理解)，并将随着它们成为 更多的是人为的(例如，无意义的刺激，记忆是意图)。 希望这些研究能提供更清晰的认识。 老年人在日常生活中的功能。

Much research has been conducted examining the memory skills of older adults. Until recently, a substantial portion of this work has utilized traditional laboratory memory tasks in the assessment of memory functioning. Although this work has been useful in the conclusions derived from this research with respect to understanding everyday memory functioning has been questioned. Specifically, the tasks used (e.g., learning lists of unrelated words) appear to have relevance to the type of memory processing that occurs normally in an individual's life. If an understanding is to be achieved of how aging affects an individual's ability to function and adapt to his or her environment, research must focus on processes considered context-relevant. In line with this reasoning, the proposed research is concerned with examining the efficiency of processes that are closely tied to everyday memory functioning. Specifically, adult age differences in the influence of everyday knowledge structures, schemas, on memory performance will be examined. This knowledge structures are assumed to provide a framework for guiding everyday activities, such as grocery shopping and doing the laundry. Schemas are beneficial to retention because it is assumed that they facilities comprehension of common events and provide an organizational structure for remembering things occurring within those events. With respect to aging, it is assumed that schematic processing is especially beneficial because it reduces the effort required to process information. To the extent the performance in memory situations depends on such processing, age differences in retention should be minimal. Conversely, when memory processing requires the use of more effortful context-free processes, such as rehearsal, older adults should be at a disadvantage. Six experiments are proposed to examine memory performance. These studies will vary the demands placed on young and older adults in memory situations in an attempt to discover conditions under which age differences in performance are greatest. It is hypothesized that age differences will be smallest in situations most closely approximating those occurring in everyday situations (e.g., meaningful stimuli, active comprehension of the memory event) and will increase as they become more artificial (e.g., meaningless stimuli, memory is intention). It is hoped that these studies will provide a clearer understanding of the older adult's to function in everyday situations.