Understanding and manipulating chemokines and their receptors in the context of adjuvants

所有疫苗都含有称为“佐剂”的成分，可以增强免疫反应并增强疫苗诱导的保护作用。不同的佐剂也可以选择产生的反应类型，适当的反应类型诱导疾病保护，而不适当的反应可能导致对感染的易感性增加。尽管佐剂在疫苗开发中具有这种关键作用，但某些疫苗佐剂和/或递送系统在诱导免疫应答或促进特定类型应答的优先诱导方面或多或少有效的原因尚不清楚。看来，疫苗应答（淋巴细胞）背后的免疫系统细胞的数量、类型和持久性可能是疫苗有效性的重要决定因素。因此，了解控制免疫细胞行为的因素显然将对疫苗的合理设计做出重大贡献。我们提出，调节免疫系统细胞运动的分子，即趋化因子及其受体，协调这些过程，此外，适当调节趋化因子将增强佐剂，从而提高疫苗的功效。这些研究具有基本的生物学性质，但我们相信它们将为疫苗佐剂研究开辟新的途径，并为趋化因子的应用和疫苗开发中细胞运动的操纵提供合理的框架。

All vaccines contain components called 'adjuvants' that boost the immune response and enhance vaccine-induced protection. Different adjuvants can also select the type of response that develops, with the appropriate type of response inducing disease protection, whereas inappropriate responses may cause increased susceptibility to infection. Despite this crucial role for adjuvants in vaccine development, the reasons why certain vaccine adjuvants and/or delivery systems are more or less effective at inducing immune responses or promoting the preferential induction of particular types of response are unknown. It appears that the number, type and persistence of the cells of the immune system that underlie vaccine responses (lymphocytes) may be an important determinant of how effective a vaccine is. Thus understanding the factors that control immune cell behaviour will clearly make a significant contribution to the rational design of vaccines. We propose that the molecules regulating the movement of the cells of the immune system, namely chemokines and their receptors, orchestrate these processes and furthermore, appropriate modulation of chemokines will enhance adjuvant and consequently vaccine efficacy. These studies are of a basic biological nature, however we believe they will open up new avenues in vaccine adjuvant research, and provide a rational framework for the application of chemokines and manipulation of cellular movement in vaccine development.