Understanding the relationship between clathrin-mediated endocytosis and transendocytosis of CTLA-4: cell biology at the heart of immune regulation.

因为我们永远不知道每一次感染会是什么样子，所以我们产生了一个包含数百万不同细胞的免疫系统，每个细胞都能够识别不同的感染。虽然这解决了能够识别大量不同细菌和病毒的问题，但它也带来了第二个问题，即这些相同的免疫细胞现在也可以识别我们身体的致病部位。控制我们的免疫系统，使其只攻击入侵者，而不是我们的身体，这是至关重要的，如果弄错了可能是致命的。了解这种平衡的机制是这一提议的基础。为了了解这一过程，我们需要关注在两种类型的免疫细胞之间的界面上发现的蛋白质，T细胞和树突状细胞负责启动反应。T细胞表达两种蛋白质，CD28作为“GO”信号，CTLA-4抑制这一过程。令人惊讶的是，CD28和CTLA-4都与称为CD80和CD86的相同蛋白质相互作用。我们最近发现，CTLA-4的作用就像一个小吸盘，可以通过一种称为内吞作用的不寻常的过程从树突状细胞表面去除CD80和CD86分子。通过吸纳CD80和CD86，这意味着CD28和CTLA-4之间实际上存在竞争。移除所有的配体可以阻止CD28接收到保持免疫系统关闭的“GO”信号。

We rely on our immune systems to keep us alive in the face of constant challenges from infections. Because we never know what each infection will look like we generate an immune system that contains many millions of different cells each capable of recognising different infections. Whilst this solves the problem of being able to recognise a vast array of different bacteria and viruses, it creates a second problem which is that those same immune cells can now also recognise bits of our bodies causing disease. Controlling our immune system so that it only attacks invaders and not our bodies is critical and getting it wrong can be fatal. Understanding how the immune system achieves this balance is relevant to most areas of our health. Understanding the mechanism underpinning this balance is the basis of this proposal.To understand this process we need to focus on proteins found at the interface between two types of immune cell, the T cell and the dendritic cell which are responsible for initiating a response. The T cell expresses two proteins, CD28 which acts as a "go" signal and CTLA-4 which inhibits this process. Surprisingly, both CD28 and CTLA-4 interact with the same proteins called CD80 and CD86. We recently discovered that CTLA-4 acts like a tiny hoover and can remove CD80 and CD86 molecules from the surface of dendritic cells using an unusual process called transendocytosis. By hoovering up CD80 and CD86 this means that there is effectively a competition between CD28 and CTLA-4. Removing all the ligands prevents CD28 from receiving a "go" signal keeping our immune system switched off. In this proposal we are seeking to understand exactly how the CTLA-4 hoover functions and by doing this better understand situations where the process goes wrong.To perform this work we will use several approaches:1) We will take apart the CTLA-4 protein in order to figure out which bits are necessary for it to work. 2) We will find our which parts of the cell interact with CTLA-4 in order to promote transendocytosis.3) We will used advanced microscopy to visualise CTLA-4 interacting with its cellular partners to understand the time and place where transendocytosis occurs.4) We will test our predictions to see whether interfering with selected parts of the CTLA-4 hoover mechanism cause defects in our immune system as we expect.Together these experiments will provide a complete picture of both an unusual process in biology and a better understanding of how an essential part of our immune system works.