SANDPIT-INTEGRATION OF ACTIVE AND PASSIVE INDOOR THERMAL ENVIRONMENT CONTROL SYSTEMS TO MINIMISE THE CARBON FOOTPRINT OF AIRPORT BUILDINGS

航空对温室气体排放和气候变化的贡献来自飞行中的飞机和地面上的飞机，以及地面运营和机场建筑使用的能源。2005年英国航空业的总排放量为3750万吨二氧化碳当量，占英国总排放量的6.3%。国内航空的排放量为230万吨二氧化碳当量，占总量的0.4%。2006年，英国20个最大机场的机场建筑能源消耗排放的二氧化碳当量为0.7亿吨，约占英国总排放量的0.1%。这种能源消耗主要是用于供暖的天然气，以及用于照明、冷却和通风以及许多其他电气设备（如电动机）的电力。绝大多数机场使用传统的暖通空调系统进行室内气候控制，这些系统基于燃气锅炉供暖和蒸汽压缩制冷系统制冷。这些系统通常位于机房内，依靠泵和长分配管道将热水和冷冻水分配给空气处理机组的加热和冷却盘管以及航站楼内的空气分配装置。现代机场候机楼的节能方法包括：使用更高效的照明并根据自然采光水平和占用情况对其进行控制，最大限度地利用采光，控制太阳能增益，使用更节能的建筑材料和施工方法，热能储存，使用热电联产系统和可再生能源，如太阳能和生物质。然而，这些方法大多只适用于新机场建筑物。由于未来50年的大部分机场基础设施已经存在，因此通过对现有机场建筑物进行改造，可以实现节能和减少温室气体排放的最大效益。该项目将研究和开发一种创新的室内热管理系统，该系统可以很容易地改造到现有的机场建筑，并且与目前最先进的系统相比，可以节省大量的能源。该系统将基于基于相变材料（PCMs）和泥浆的主动和被动室内气候控制系统，以及智能控制技术和系统，这些技术和系统将根据外部条件、入住率和客流提供照明水平和室内气候的实时控制。机场的特点是其大而开放的空间和多样化的流动人口。这一点以及其他设计和运营要求，如最大化零售活动，决定了机场候机楼的能源效率不能仅仅通过控制室内条件来解决，以响应通常接受的热舒适定义。为了实现最大限度的节约，室内气候控制设定点应尽可能接近室外温度，这就要求室内环境和热舒适性在一个信封内定义，充分反映外部气候和功能，社会和文化背景对旅客旅行体验的影响，机场运营的盈利能力和工作人员的工作环境。该项目将考虑所有这些因素和不同的要求，以开发系统和控制，以尽量减少机场建筑物的能源消耗和二氧化碳排放。

Aviation contributes to GHG emissions and climate change from aircraft in flight and on the ground and through the energy used by ground operations and airport buildings. The total UK emissions from aviation in 2005 were 37.5 million tones of CO2e representing 6.3% of UK's total. Emissions from domestic aviation amount to 2.3 MtCO2e and represent 0.4% of total. Emissions from energy consumption of airport buildings for the 20 largest airports in the UK in 2006 were 0.7 MtCO2e which represents approximately 0.1% of total UK emissions. This energy consumption is mainly gas for heating, and electricity for lighting, cooling and ventilation and many other electrical equipment such as motors. The vast majority of airports use conventional HVAC systems for indoor climate control which are based on gas fired boilers for heating and vapour compression refrigeration systems for cooling. These systems are normally located in plant rooms and rely on pumps and long distribution pipework to distribute hot and chilled water to heating and cooling coils in air handling units and air distribution devices in the terminal buildings. Energy saving approaches in modern airport terminal buildings include: the use of more efficient lighting and its control in response to natural lighting levels and occupancy, the maximization of the use of daylighting, solar gain control, the use of more energy efficient building materials and construction methods, thermal energy storage, the use of Combined Heat and Power systems and renewable energy sources such as solar energy and biomass. Most of these approaches, however, are only applicable to new airport buildings. As most of the airport infrastructure for the next 50 years already exists, maximum benefit from energy savings and GHG emissions reduction can be achieved from retrofit applications to existing airport buildings.This project will investigate and develop an innovative indoor thermal management system that can be easily retrofitted to existing airport buildings and can provide significant energy savings compared to current state of the art systems. The system will be based on active and passive indoor climate control systems based on phase change materials (PCMs) and slurries, and intelligent control techniques and systems that will provide real time control of lighting levels and indoor climate in response to external conditions, occupancy levels and passenger flows.Airports are characteristic for their large and open spaces with diverse and transient population. This and other design and operational requirements such as the maximisation of retail activity dictates that energy efficiency of airport terminal buidings cannot be resolved exclusively by the control of indoor conditions in response to the normally accepted definition of thermal comfort. To achieve maximum savings, the indoor climate control set-points should be as close to the outdoor temperature as possible and this requires the indoor environment and thermal comfort to be defined within an envelope that adequately reflects the impact of external climate and functional, social and cultural context on the passenger travel experience, profitability of airport operations and staff working environment. This project will take all these factors and diverse requirements into consideration in developing systems and controls to minimise the energy consumption and CO2 emissions from airport buildings.