The Maritime Dimension of Transnational Organized Crime: Engaging Indonesian Law Enforcement Agencies and Coastal Communities in the Land-Sea Nexus

印度尼西亚的海上布局导致跨国有组织犯罪与海上安全密切相关。印度尼西亚广阔的海域不仅使海上非法走私和贩运货物和人口成为可能，而且也使海上抢劫、海盗和非法捕鱼等贪婪的犯罪行为不受惩罚。这些犯罪造成了巨大的经济损失（最近估计每年200亿美元），但也威胁到许多沿海社区本已脆弱的生计。印度尼西亚执法机构的能力有限，其重叠的权力妨碍了有效的行动。除了执法机构，该项目对印度尼西亚众多沿海社区也起着重要作用。到目前为止，在关于打击海上跨国有组织犯罪的学术和政策辩论中，这些社区被严重忽视。把沿海社区“带进来”确实是件新鲜事。负责海上执法的政府机构以及沿海社区的积极参与将导致更好的相互了解和实际合作。拟议的研究建立在英国考文垂大学信任和平与社会关系中心（CTPSR）与印度尼西亚国际移民组织（IOM）之间的合作基础上。这一合作始于2014年，重点关注印度尼西亚海事与人类安全问题之间的相互关系。2015年，这两个合作伙伴成立了一个专注于印尼海上安全的财团。该联盟汇集了来自政府、学术界和私营部门的主要利益相关者，并作为开展联合研究的接口。在国际移民组织/印度尼西亚的积极参与、财团的支持以及调查人员（法律、人类学和政治学专家）的跨学科专业知识的帮助下，拟议的研究完全能够调查与跨国有海上组织犯罪有关的许多挑战。这项研究将调查以下问题：谁被认为是海洋领域的主要行动者；正在经历哪些特定的“犯罪”，其影响是什么；正在使用哪些执法工具和资源以及取得了哪些成功；沿海社区明确提出了哪些具体威胁；社区和执法人员如何相互欣赏；这些利益相关者认为未来的方向是什么？这项研究将在与执法机构（如海事安全局、海洋事务和渔业部、国家搜救机构、政治、法律和安全事务协调部、移民总局和印度尼西亚国家警察）的工作人员以及沿海社区领导人和成员进行焦点小组讨论的基础上，提供对这些问题的见解。选定的沿海社区，其中一些是国际移民组织/印度尼西亚活动的参与者，包括北苏门答腊、南爪哇、弗洛雷斯、苏拉威西、马鲁古和东努沙登加拉的海上犯罪多发地点。焦点小组会议都包括制作拼贴画，这是一种视觉工具，研究参与者被邀请通过照片、报纸标题、杂志剪报和其他印刷材料来表达他们的经历。这些拼贴画旨在代表参与者对海事问题的独特理解以及所涉及的各个行动者的立场。这些图像将首先用于确定研究方向，以及引发超出标准采访会议的讨论，并支持对法律和政策文件的解释。这一研究设计被认为最适合通过有关关键利益攸关方的视角了解跨国有组织犯罪、海上安全和执法的背景。

Indonesia's maritime layout results in a close relation between transnational organized crimes and maritime security. Indonesia's immense maritime area not only enables the illegal smuggling and trafficking of goods and people by sea, but also allows for voracious crimes such as sea robbery and piracy and illegal fishing to go unpunished. These crimes come at great economic costs (recently estimated at $20 billion annually) but also threaten the already vulnerable livelihoods of many coastal communities. The capacity of Indonesia's law enforcement agencies is limited and their overlapping authorities hamper effective action. Next to law enforcement agencies, the project assumes an important role for Indonesia's numerous coastal communities. Until now these communities are seriously neglected in academic and policy debates on combatting transnational organized crimes at sea. Bringing coastal communities 'in' is truly new. The active participation of governmental agencies that are responsible for the enforcement of law at sea as well as coastal communities will result in a better mutual understanding and actual cooperation. The prosed research builds on the collaboration between the Centre for Trust Peace and Social Relations (CTPSR) of Coventry University (UK) and the International Organization for Migration Indonesia (IOM). This collaboration started in 2014 with a specific focus on the interrelation between maritime and human security issues in Indonesia. In 2015, the partners established a consortium focused on Indonesian maritime security. This consortium brings together key stakeholders from government, academia and the private sector and acts as an interface to conduct joint research. With the active involvement of IOM/Indonesia, support from the consortium, and with the interdisciplinary expertise of the investigators (experts in law, anthropology and political sciences), the proposed research is perfectly positioned to investigate the many challenges related to transnational maritime organized crimes. The research will investigate such issues as: who are considered to be the main actors in the maritime domain; which particular 'crimes' are being experienced and with what effect; what law enforcement tools and recourses are being used and with what success; what specific threats are articulated by coastal communities; how do the communities and law enforcers appreciate each other; and what do these stakeholders see as ways forward.The research will provide insights into these matters on the basis of focus group discussions with staff members of law enforcement agencies (such as the Maritime Security Agency, the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, the National Search and Rescue Agency, the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security Affairs, the Directorate General of Immigration and the Indonesian National Police) as well as with coastal community leaders and members. The selected coastal communities, of which a number are participants in IOM/Indonesia activities, include maritime crime prone locations in North Sumatra, South Java, Flores, Sulawesi, Maluku, and East Nusa Tenggara. The focus group sessions all include the making of collages, a visual tool through which the research participants are invited to express their experiences by using photos, newspaper headings, magazine clippings and other printed materials. These collages are intended to represent the participants' unique understanding of the maritime problems and the position of the various actors involved. These images will be used first of all to establish the direction of the research as well as to elicit discussions beyond standard interview sessions and support the interpretation of the legal and policy documents. This research design is considered best suited to understand the background of transnational organized crime, maritime security and law enforcement through the eyes of the key stakeholders involved.