MAPHIS: Mapping History--What Historical Maps Can Tell Us About Urban Development

在经济结构转型过程中，城市的发展模式尚不清楚。该项目将系统地处理高分辨率和手稿历史地图，使我们的城市和地区的过去的信息的休眠体。拟议的研究将通过开发三种创新方法来促进我们对长期城市增长的理解，这些方法将克服历史数据来源的实际限制：1)从法国（1750-1950）的历史彩色地图中提取土地利用模式的技术；2)一种识别算法，用于检测、标记和地理定位英格兰和威尔士70个最大城市中心的历史高质量地图上的兴趣点；3)一种基于微人口普查和贸易登记的地理定位算法。我们已经确定了四个主要的研究问题，这些问题将在以下单独的研究项目中发展。在项目1中，主要问题是：城市发展的长期经验模式是什么，最值得注意的是经济活动的空间组织的持久性和建设基础设施在形成这种持久性中的作用？在项目2中，主要问题是：环境不利因素及其在城市内的不平等分布如何影响消费便利和生产的空间组织？在项目3中，主要问题是：城市是否会向环境最差的地区发展？在项目4中，主要问题是：垂直增长和建筑技术的进步如何影响城市的空间组织？为了解决这些研究问题，我们将在六个相互关联的工作包（WP）中组织我们的工作流程：WP1-法国土地利用分类（1750-2015）：WP1的目标将是使用最先进的机器学习技术从数字化地图中以精细比例恢复土地利用信息；WP2—英格兰和威尔士地形测量（OS）城市地图中嵌入的微特征数字化（1870-1960）；WP3——英格兰和威尔士居民和生产单位的地理定位（1851-1911）；WP4—具有持续性建筑存量的城市增长动态模型：WP4构建了空间经济活动的一般均衡模型，该模型嵌入了住房和基础设施的耐久性，并利用了WP1中产生的三百年人口定居数据；WP5—污染与城市的长期发展：WP5以WP2、3为基础，提出研究城市内住宅分类和生产地点的联合动态，以了解工业污染这一主要环境障碍如何在长期内影响城市的空间组织；WP6——蒙特利尔和多伦多的横向和纵向城市增长：WP6将在之前的工作包WP1、WP2、WP4和WP5之间架起桥梁，从经验和理论上研究城市的横向和纵向增长。该项目将由三个团队共同领导。法国团队将由go十亿（PI），库姆斯（CoI）和杜兰顿（TM）组成，他们为城市经济学的主要理论方法的发展做出了贡献。加拿大小组将由城市经济学/经济史的首席研究员Heblich （PI）和GIS分析的首席研究员Fortin （Co-I）领导。英国团队将由zylberg （PI）领导，他是一位从历史资料和遥感中提取数据的经济学家专家。顾问委员会的Shaw-Taylor和sch<s:1> rer将帮助设计1851年至1911年人口微观普查的分析（WP3）。合作伙伴雷丁（TM）是世界领先的城市经济学研究机构之一，参与了WP3的设计和WP6的实施。产出将包括顶级经济期刊上的文章，以及从手稿地图中提取相关空间信息的详细算法。

Little is known about the patterns of city development during the structural transformation of economies. This project will systematically process high-resolution and manuscript historical maps to make a dormant body of information about our cities' and regions' past accessible. The proposed research will advance our understanding of long-run urban growth through the development of three innovative methodologies, which will overcome practical limitations of historical data sources: 1) A technique to extract land use patterns from historical colour maps applied to France (1750-1950); 2) A recognition algorithm to detect, tag and geo-locate points of interest in historical high-quality maps of the 70 largest urban centre in England and Wales; 3) An algorithm to geo-locate address information from Micro-censuses and trade registers.We have identified four main research questions that will be developed in the following separate research projects. In Project 1, the main question is: what are the long-term empirical patterns of urban development, most notably the persistence of the spatial organisation of economic activity and the role of building infrastructure in shaping such persistence? In Project 2, the main question is: How do environmental disamenities and their unequal distribution within cities affect the spatial organisation of consumption amenities and production? In Project 3, the main question is: Do cities grow towards their bad parts, their neighbourhoods with the lowest environmental amenities? In Project 4, the main question is: How does vertical growth and advances in building technologies affect the spatial organisation of cities? To address these research questions, we will organise our workflow in six inter-connected work packages (WP):WP1--Classification of land use in France (1750-2015): The objective of WP1 will be to recover land use information at a fine scale from digitised maps using state-of-the-art machine learning techniques;WP2--Digitisation of micro-features embedded in Ordnance Survey (OS) city maps of England and Wales (1870-1960);WP3--Geo-localization of residents and production units in England and Wales (1851-1911);WP4--Dynamic model of city growth with persistent building stock: WP4 builds a general equilibrium model of spatial economic activity that embeds the durability of housing and infrastructure and exploits the three hundred years of population settlement data produced in WP1;WP5--Pollution and the long-run development of cities: WP5 builds on WP2,3 and proposes to study the joint dynamics of residential sorting and the location of production within cities to understand how a major environmental disamenity-industrial pollution-affects the spatial organisation of cities in the longer-run;WP6--Horizontal and vertical urban growth in Montreal and Toronto: WP6 will bridge between the previous working packages WP1, WP2, WP4 and WP5, and study--empirically and theoretically--horizontal and vertical urban growth.The project will be jointly led by three teams. The French team will be composed of Gobillon (PI), Combes (CoI) and Duranton (TM) who have contributed to the development of major theoretical approaches in urban economics. The Canadian team will be led by Heblich (PI), who is a lead researcher in urban economics/economic history, and Fortin (Co-I), a lead in GIS analysis. The UK team will be led by Zylberberg (PI), who is an economist specialist in data extraction form historical sources and remote sensing. Shaw-Taylor and Schürer, advisory board, will help design the analysis of the population micro-censuses between 1851 and 1911 (WP3). The collaboration partner, Redding (TM), involved in the design of WP3 and the implementation of WP6, is one of the World lead researchers in urban economics.Outputs will include articles in top economic journals, and detailed algorithms to extract relevant spatial information from manuscript maps.