Examining the long-term social legacy of mega urban projects - A comparison of Shanghai and Dujiangyan City

大型项目被定义为对经济、社会和环境产生实质性影响的成本高昂的大规模城市发展计划(Fainstein，2008)，已成为全球城市扩张和更新的一种重要形式。目前对巨型项目的研究大多集中在社区流离失所和丧失的直接影响上。这种分析框架未能涵盖开发完成后出现的大型项目的长期社会问题，例如居民在重新安置后使用公共设施的问题。目前的研究还排除了出现积极结果的可能性，例如居民重建社区的能力。因此，该项目试图审查大型项目的长期和多样化的社会影响，以及如何通过国家、私营和公共利益攸关方的集体努力来改善这些影响。这项研究将集中于两个受大型项目影响的人口群体：1)被大型项目重新安置的居民。在中国，由于严格的安置政策，居住在指定开发区的居民全部被安置(包括强制拆迁)并搬迁到专门的搬迁安置点。然而，人们对他们在重新安置后的生活知之甚少。2)居住在巨型项目内部或附近的留守居民(王，2020)，他们没有被重新安置，而是在原地遭受边缘化。人们对留守居民的生计以及他们遭受何种形式的边缘化知之甚少。该项目采用定量(住户调查)和定性研究(半结构化访谈和人种学研究)相结合的混合方法，以审查：i)两个居民群体的物质生活(收入、福利、获得社会服务的机会)和社区意识(场所依恋；集体认同、邻里关系、社区参与)；ii)大型项目的城市治理和规划战略如何影响发展项目的长期社会成果(例如提供公共设施)；3)居民和地方政府重建居民物质生活和社区意识的战略。理论上，该项目将制定一个流离失所后框架，以研究流离失所概念无法涵盖的各种长期社会成果和大型项目的经验。研究受影响居民的社区意识也将促进人们对基于场所的关系和做法如何帮助重建社区和刺激新社区的产生的概念性理解。该项目将比较2010年上海世博会和四川省都江堰市一大道区(一街区)这一大型项目。上海作为一个全球城市，经济发达，吸引着政治支持和全球投资。都江堰是四川省的一个三线城市，代表着“普通城市”(罗宾逊，2013)，这些城市在经济上举步维艰，在政治和学术上受到的关注要少得多。上海和都江堰的比较有助于说明，这两个位于截然不同的社会经济背景下的大型项目是如何试图平衡经济和政治目标与社会责任的。追踪流离失所居民的生活是出了名的困难(伊斯顿等人，2020年)，而中国的案例--安置的居民都被转移到安置社区--为研究居民流离失所后的生活提供了难得的机会。该项目与影响有关的活动以及学术和非学术成果将侧重于提高公众、政策制定者和学者对大型项目(IO1)的长期社会遗产的认识，并将为政策制定者和规划从业者提供实用工具，以评估已规划的大型城市项目(IO2)的长期社会结果。

Defined as costly large scale urban development schemes with substantive impacts on the economy, society and environment (Fainstein, 2008), mega projects have become a significant form of urban expansion and renewal globally. Current research on mega projects mostly focuses on the immediate effects of displacement and loss of community. This analytical framework fails to capture the long-term social problems of mega projects that emerge after the development's completion such as residents' access to public amenities after being resettled. Current research also forecloses the possibility of positive outcomes, such as the ability of residents to rebuild their community. This project thus seeks to examine the long-term and variegated social impacts of mega projects and how they can be improved through the collective efforts from state, private and public stakeholders. The study will focus on two population groups affected by mega projects: 1) Residents who were resettled by the mega projects. In China, due to strict resettlement policies, residents living in areas designated for development are all resettled (including forced evictions) and moved to dedicated relocation settlements. However, little is known about their livelihood after resettlement.2) Left-behind residents (Wang, 2020) who live inside or nearby the mega project but have not been resettled and instead suffer from in-situ marginalisation. Little is known about the livelihood of left-behind residents and what forms of marginalisation they suffer from. The project adopts a mixed methods approach combining quantitative (household survey) and qualitative research methods (semi-structured and go along interviews, ethnographic research) to examine:i) the material livelihood (income, well-being, access to social services) and sense of community (place attachment; collective identity, neighbourly relations, community participation) of both resident groups;ii) how the mega projects' urban governance and planning strategies influenced the long-term social outcomes of the developments (e.g. provision of public amenities);iii) the strategies residents and local governments employed to rebuild residents' material livelihood and sense of community.Theoretically, the project will develop a post-displacement framework to study the variegated and long-term social outcomes and experiences of mega projects which cannot be captured by the displacement concept. Studying the sense of community of affected residents will also advance the conceptual understanding of how place-based relations and practices can help rebuild communities and stimulate the genesis of new communities.The project will compare the 2010 Expo in Shanghai and the 'First Boulevard District' (Yijie Qu) mega project in Dujiangyan city, Sichuan province. Shanghai, as a global city, is economically advanced and attracts political support and global investments. Dujiangyan is a third tier city in Sichuan province representing 'ordinary cities' (Robinson, 2013) that struggle economically and enjoy much less political and scholarly attention. The comparison of Shanghai and Dujiangyan helps illuminate how two mega projects situated in starkly different socio-economic contexts have attempted to balance economic and political objectives with social responsibilities. Tracing the lives of displaced residents is notoriously difficult (Easton et al., 2020) and the case of China, where resettled residents are all moved to resettlement neighbourhoods, offers a rare opportunity to study the post-displacement livelihood of residents. The project's impact-related activities and academic and non-academic outputs will focus on raising awareness of the long-term social legacy of mega projects (IO1) amongst the public, policy-makers and academics, and will provide practical tools for policy-makers and planning practitioners to assess the long-term social outcomes of planned mega urban projects (IO2).