CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF VISUAL FIELDS IN HUMAN INFANTS

描述：成年人的视野大约延伸到110度。 时间上，鼻侧60度，上侧60度，下侧75度。年青的 然而，人类婴儿对周围刺激的反应有限， 产生在时间上仅延伸到约30度的测量视野 出生时为45度，三个月时为45度。在为数不多的研究中， 在婴幼儿早期检查视野范围时，有不同之处 与视野发育发生的速度有关。研究表明， 使用低时间频率的目标表明视野范围 接近一岁的成人价值，而使用高 时间频率目标在结束时显示出更受限的视野 出生后的第一年。本提案第一部分的目的是测试 假设不同研究之间测量的速度的差异 婴幼儿视野发育与儿童视力发育速度的不同有关 大细胞(M)和小细胞(P)通路的发育。 4、7、9、17和30个月大的儿童将接受低空间能力测试 频率(3度和0.7度直径)刺激 时间频率(0、1或3赫兹)，以刺激P通路 优选地，或(B)时间频率高(10或20赫兹)，至 优先刺激M通路，以确定是否发生 测量的视野大小取决于刺激参数，如从 M和P通路的动物研究。临床上，定量评估 婴儿很少进行中心视野或周边视野检查 还有蹒跚学步的孩子。这是由于(1)缺乏对发展的了解 周边视力，以及(2)缺乏评估方法 婴幼儿个体的中心视野和周边视野。 本提案第二部分的目的是使用第一部分至第二部分的数据 建立一种筛查中枢和外周病变的定量程序 婴幼儿的视野。规范性数据和关于 观察者内和观察者间重测信度将从4-， 7个月、9个月、17个月和30个月的婴儿。总而言之，拟议的研究将(1) 进一步加深我们对经济增长背后的机制的理解 测量人类婴儿的视野大小，以及(2)发育并开始 验证用于评估中央和外围视野的程序 婴儿和蹒跚学步的孩子。

DESCRIPTION: In adults, the visual field extends to approximately 110 deg temporally, 60 deg nasally, 60 deg superiorly, and 75 deg inferiorly. Young human infants, however, show limited responsiveness to peripheral stimuli, yielding measured visual fields that extend temporally to only about 30 deg at birth and 45 deg at age three months. Among the few studies that have examined visual field extent after early infancy, there is disagreement as to the rate at which visual field development occurs. Studies that have used low temporal frequency targets suggest that visual field extent approaches adult values by age one year, whereas studies that have used high temporal frequency targets show more restricted visual fields at the end of the first postnatal year. The purpose of Part I of this proposal is to test the hypothesis that differences among studies in the measured rate of infants' visual field development are related to differences in the rate of development of the magnocellular (M) and parvocellular (P) pathways. Children 4, 7, 9, 17, and 30 months of age will be tested with low spatial frequency (3 deg and 0.7 deg diameter) stimuli that are either (a) low in temporal frequency (0,1, or 3 Hz), to stimulate the P pathway preferentially, or (b) high in temporal frequency (10 or 20 Hz), to stimulate the M pathway preferentially, to determine whether development of measured visual field size depends on stimulus parameters, as predicted from animal research on M and P pathways. Clinically, quantitative assessment of either central or peripheral visual fields is rarely undertaken in infants and toddlers. This is due to (1) a lack of knowledge about the development of peripheral vision, and (2) a lack of methodology for assessment of central and peripheral visual fields in individual infants and children. The purpose of Part II of this proposal is to use data from Part I to develop a quantitative procedure for screening of central and peripheral visual fields in infants and young children. Normative data and data on intra- and inter-observer test-retest reliability will be collected from 4-, 7-, 9-, 17-, and 30-month-olds. In summary, the proposed research will (1) further our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the expansion of measured visual field size in human infants, and (2) develop and begin to validate a procedure for assessment of central and peripheral visual fields in infants and toddlers.