ETIOLOGIC STUDIES OF DIET AND CANCER

营养流行病学分会对饮食的作用进行研究 以及癌症病因学中的营养状况。大多数研究都是 重点是观察性研究，既有病例对照研究，也有前瞻性研究。 生物化学和分子成分通常被结合到这些 旨在评估和/或改进的调查和方法研究 暴露评估仍然是一个活跃的研究领域。角色 目前正在对肺的研究中对营养进行评估， 口腔/咽部、食道、胃、结直肠、乳房、子宫内膜 宫颈癌、前列腺癌和脑癌；非霍奇金淋巴瘤；以及 恶性黑素瘤。主要的研究努力继续集中在角色上 1)饮食、体型、内源性激素和生活方式，包括 饮酒、吸烟和体育活动；2)蔬菜、 水果、微量营养素、类胡萝卜素和植物化学物质；3)食品 准备实践；以及4)饮食与基因的相互作用。 最近的发现包括：1)在一项大型病例对照研究中 亚裔美国女性乳腺癌的风险，经常摄入豆制品 富含植物雌激素被发现具有保护作用；2)在筑巢的 火奴鲁鲁心脏计划保存血清的病例对照分析 队列，低水平的α-胡萝卜素，β-胡萝卜素， β-隐黄素和番茄红素与肺增加有关 癌症风险和口腔咽部、食道和喉部的风险 低水平的α-胡萝卜素、β-胡萝卜素和 β-隐黄素；3)杂环芳香族消费增加 在高温煮熟的肉制品中发现的胺(HCA)具有 与结直肠腺瘤、腺癌的风险增加有关 胃、食道和肺癌；4)一项关于乳房的研究 在美国年轻女性中，乳腺癌风险较低 与瘦女人相比，胖女人更胖。高体重指数与低体重指数相比 也与循环中较低的雌激素浓度有关。在 同一项研究表明，饮酒与患高血压的风险直接相关。 5)诊断后对饮食评估的影响 在一项年轻女性的病例对照研究中进行了评估。有关化疗的个案 据报道，卡路里和所有提供营养的能量的摄入量都较高 与对照组相比，而类似阶段的病例未收到此 治疗没有显示出这种效果，这表明化疗本身 与改变日常饮食摄入量的报告有关；6)在 评估早期暴露对后续乳房的影响 癌症风险，曾经是双胞胎，与风险增加有关， 在婴儿时期接受母乳喂养的人风险较低 在一项回顾研究中，子宫内膜癌 与肥胖的关系被证明不是通过 雌激素浓度升高或胰岛素分泌增加 与肥胖有关。

The Nutritional Epidemiology Branch conducts research on the role of diet and nutritional status in cancer etiology. The majority of research is focused on observational studies, both case-control and prospective. Biochemical and molecular components are commonly incorporated into these investigations and methodologic studies designed to assess and/or improve exposure assessment continue to be an active area of research. The role of nutrition is currently being evaluated in studies of lung, oral/pharyngeal, esophageal, stomach, colorectal, breast, endometrial, cervical, prostate, and brain cancers; non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; and malignant melanoma. Major research efforts continue to focus on the role of 1) diet, body size, endogenous hormones, and lifestyle including alcohol consumption, smoking, and physical activity; 2) vegetables, fruits, micronutrients, carotenoids, and phytochemicals; 3) food preparation practices; and 4) diet-gene interactions. Recent findings include the following: 1) In a large case-control study of breast cancer in Asian-American women, frequent intake of soy products rich in phytoestrogens was found to be protective; 2) In a nested case-control analysis of stored sera from the Honolulu Heart Program cohort, low serum levels of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, and lycopene were associated with increased lung cancer risk, and risk of oral-pharyngeal, esophageal, and laryngeal cancer was elevated for low levels of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin; 3) Increased consumption of heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCAs), found in meat products cooked at high temperatures have been linked to increase risk of colorectal adenomas, adenocarcinoma of the stomach and esophagus, and lung cancer; 4) In a study of breast cancer among young women in the U.S., breast cancer risk was lower among heavy compared with thin women. High compared with low body mass index was also related to lower circulating estrogen concentrations. In the same study, alcohol intake was directly associated with risk of the disease; 5) Post-diagnostic influences on dietary assessment were evaluated in a case-control study of young women. Cases on chemotherapy reported higher intake of calories and all energy providing nutrients compared with controls, whereas cases of similar stage not receiving this treatment did not show this effect, suggesting that chemotherapy itself was related to altered reporting of usual dietary intake; 6) In an evaluation of the influence of early-life exposures on subsequent breast cancer risk, having been a twin was associated with increased risk, while having been breast-fed as an infant was associated with lower risk of the disease; 7) In a retrospective study, endometrial cancer associated with obesity was shown not to be mediated through either the elevated estrogen concentrations or increased insulin secretion associated with obesity.