Managing ecosystem services to reduce poverty and vulnerability in East African coffee landscapes

咖啡支撑着全球数百万小农的生计。在东非国家，60%-100%的咖啡是小农种植的，是个体农民的主要收入来源，该地区咖啡出口总收入超过10亿美元，咖啡是政府改善生计和减少贫困的关键政策工具。例如，对于卢旺达和布隆迪等东非国家，咖啡占出口收入的50%，甚至对乌干达等较大的经济体来说，咖啡占10%。对一种商品的高度依赖增加了对价格波动和其他市场风险的脆弱性(例如，1990年代S/21世纪初价格暴跌)。由于许多小农咖啡种植者贫穷，无法进行资本投资或通过无机投入提高产量，他们严重依赖畜牧技能和生态系统服务(如土壤健康、授粉、病虫害防治)进行作物生产。咖啡不仅依赖于这些服务，而且还提供重要的环境服务，因为它的战略高地位置，往往毗邻该地区保留的什么森林。主要服务包括在景观和区域尺度上控制土壤和水的移动，以及在树木被纳入咖啡景观的情况下，森林栖息地的连通性。一些趋势进一步威胁着咖啡的生计。全球环流模型对东非的气候变化做出了高度可变的预测，而咖啡对温度和降水非常敏感。国家政策正在推广使用无阴影杂交咖啡，这种咖啡比传统咖啡类型更有活力，产量更高，而越来越多地使用单一种植(例如在肯尼亚，单季种植占产量的40%)，进一步使农民面临天气或病虫害导致的收入风险。咖啡起源于森林，遮荫下的产量可能较低，但质量往往更高，树的寿命更长。阴影咖啡还提供重要的土壤保持和水文生态系统服务。单作作物的使用增加了径流和土壤流失，从而降低了土壤质量和产量。然后，农民陷入了土壤质量持续下降的循环之中，从长远来看，改善生计的政策实际上可能会让他们的境况变得更糟。提案团队之前的工作发现，一些生态系统服务没有得到农民在咖啡系统中的充分利用，因此产量和由此产生的收入低于可以实现的水平。事实上，一些简单的管理做法(如适当地管理休耕土地)已被证明可以将授粉等服务提高到给农民带来直接经济利益的水平。由于该区域将受到未来气候和土地利用变化的影响，重要的是了解如何以最佳方式管理现在和未来的服务，并为未来确定新的种植制度。我们建议制定一项研究方案，旨在改善东非目前和未来气候变化下咖啡系统的管理方式，从而增加农民的收入，改善农村生计。利用讲习班和对现有知识和数据的审查，以及开发新的研究工具，我们将设计一项活动方案，将生物、经济和社会科学的不同技能汇集在一起，以便我们能够适当地了解系统的所有组成部分如何相互作用和影响。通过了解生态系统服务如何影响咖啡生产，我们可以开发知识，以便更好地管理这些服务，从而改善农民的生计。这一过程的一个部分是确保将科学发现转化为形式，可以用来直接向农民提供如何改善咖啡种植管理的建议，并帮助决策者制定新的政策和支持系统，以帮助在更大范围内指导农民。

Coffee underpins the livelihoods of millions of smallholder farmers worldwide. In East African countries, 60-100% of coffee is smallholder grown and a major source of income for individual farmers, Coffee export earnings total over 1 billion US $ in the region and coffee is a key policy tool for governments to improve livelihoods and reduce poverty. For East African countries such as Rwanda and Burundi, coffee forms >50% of export earnings and even for larger economies in Uganda, for example, it makes up 10%. High dependency on one commodity increases vulnerability to fluctuating prices and other market risks (eg slumps in prices in the 1990's/early 2000s). As many smallholder coffee farmers are poor and unable to undertake capital investment or improve yields through inorganic inputs, they rely heavily on husbandry skills and ecosystem services (e.g. soil health, pollination, pest regulation) for crop production. Coffee not only depends on these services but provides important environmental services because of its strategic upland location, often neighbouring what forest remains in the region. The key services include the control of soil and water movement at landscape and regional scales and, where trees are incorporated in coffee landscapes, connectivity of forest habitat. A number of trends are furthermore threatening coffee livelihoods. Global circulation models produce highly variable climate change predictions for Eastern Africa and coffee is sensitive to temperature and precipitation. National policies are promoting the use of non-shade hybrid coffee that is vigorous and produces higher yields than traditional coffee types, while the increasing use of monocropping (e.g. in Kenya it is 40% of production) further exposes farmers to weather or pest-induced income risks. Coffee originated in forests and yields under shade may be lower but quality tends to be higher and the tree lifespan longer. Shaded coffee also provides important soil conservation and hydrological ecosystem services. The use of monocrops increases run off and soil loss, thus reducing soil quality and yields. Farmers are then trapped in a loop where soil quality continues to fall year-on-year and policies to improve livelihoods may actually make them worse off in the long-term. Previous work by the proposal team has found that some of ecosystem services are not being fully exploited by farmers in coffee systems and so production, and the income generated from it, is below levels which could be achieved. Indeed, some simple management practices (eg managing fallow land appropriately) have been shown to enhance services like pollination to levels where they have a direct economic benefit to farmers. As the region will be influenced by future climate and land use change it is important to understand how to optimally manage services now and in the future, and identify novel cropping systems for the future. We propose to develop a research programme which aims to improve the way coffee systems in East Africa are managed now and under future climate change so that the income farmers receive is increased and rural livelihoods improved. Using workshops and reviews of existing knowledge and data, and developing new research tools, we will design a programme of activities which will bring together diverse skills from biological, economic, and social sciences so that we can properly understand how all the components of the system interact and affect each other. By understanding how ecosystem services affect coffee production we can develop knowledge to allow better management of these services so that livelihoods of farmers are improved. One part of this process is making sure that scientific findings are translated into forms which can be used to directly advise farmers on how to improve the management of coffee growing and also help decision makers develop new policies and support systems to help guide farmer at a wider scale.