Location, Configuration, Distribution: the Role of Landscape Pattern and Diversity in Ecosystem Services

生物多样性在《生物多样性公约》（CBD）中被定义为“物种内部、物种之间和生态系统的多样性”。由于与基于物种多样性的生物多样性措施相比，景观的作用研究不足（de Groot et al. 2010），在本研究中，我们明确考察了栖息地和生态系统的多样性及其在景观中的位置对生态系统服务提供的贡献，而不是遗传、物种或性状水平的多样性。该项目特别探讨了与景观格局相关的两个问题。1. 生境多样性和生态系统服务提供。对生态系统服务升级的关注依赖于量化服务与特定土地利用类别或栖息地类型之间的关系（例如Haines-Young & Potschin 2007），使用栖息地作为服务提供单位的代理（Maskell et al. 2010）。然而，大多数英国景观由不同规模的栖息地类型组成，特别是覆盖英国75%的农业景观（NEA, 2011）。生境的多样性，也被称为景观复杂性，本身可以改变生态系统的服务。景观复杂性可以弥补农业景观中物种丰富度的减少，从而提供服务（Tscharntke et al. 2005），而可持续管理的选择在中等复杂性的景观中发挥最大作用。在这个项目中，我们将评估景观复杂性（以其内部栖息地的多样性来衡量）如何影响生态系统服务的提供。景观中的空间格局。空间安排影响景观中潜在服务供给给使用者或受益者的流动（Villa et al. 2011）。它还改变了与生态系统功能相关的景观中的物质流动或过程。例如，水运动的大小和时间在垂直方向上具有空间分量，通过渗透速率，以及在陆地上、河流和地下水中的水平流动，所有这些都控制着洪水调节（Vigerstol & Aukema 2011）。景观特征的配置有三个要素：每个特征的总体面积，特征的物理分布及其在景观中的位置。在这个项目中，我们将探讨景观组成部分的配置如何有助于提供多种生态系统服务。该项目的总体目标是在景观尺度上测试栖息地和生态系统多样性及其空间配置在提供多种生态系统服务中的作用。我们提出了以下问题，每个问题都构成了一个项目目标，并由一个任务交付：1)景观尺度上生态系统或栖息地的多样性如何影响生态系统服务的提供？2)生境在景观中的空间配置（包括大小、格局和位置）是否影响生态系统服务的提供？我们将测试三种新一代生态系统服务模型，它们在景观尺度上运行，并支持时空过程建模程序：ARIES （Bagstad et al. 2011）、INVEST （Nelson et al. 2008）和LUCI （Jackson et al. 2008）。在出版社)。这三种模式以根本不同的方式对待景观的组织，并在不同的尺度上运作。过去对两个模型（InVEST和ARIES）的比较主要集中在水服务上（Vigerstol & Aukema 2011），而在这里，我们加入了一个新模型（LUCI），并将它们作为工具来测试关于景观结构如何影响多种生态系统服务交付的假设，重点是探索服务之间的权衡和相互作用。我们将利用数据丰富的威尔士北部康威流域，该流域是三个人类营养循环流域之一，正在收集跨域和生态系统过程的密集生物物理数据，这些数据支持选定的生物多样性和调节生态系统服务。

Biodiversity is defined in the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD) as "diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems". Since the role of landscape is understudied in comparison with biodiversity measures based on species diversity (de Groot et al. 2010), in this study we explicitly examine the contribution of diversity of habitats and ecosystems and their location within the landscape to ecosystem service delivery, rather than diversity at the genetic, species or trait level. In particular, this project explores two issues relating to pattern in the landscape. 1. Diversity of habitats and ecosystem service provision.Much focus on ecosystem service upscaling relies on relationships between quantified services and specific land use classes or habitat types (e.g. Haines-Young & Potschin 2007), using habitats as a proxy for the unit of service delivery (Maskell et al. 2010). However, most UK landscapes comprise mosaics at varying scales of a range of habitat types, particularly for agricultural landscapes which cover 75% of the UK (NEA, 2011). The diversity of habitats, also termed landscape complexity, itself can alter ecosystem services. Landscape complexity can compensate for reduced species richness in delivery of services in agricultural landscapes (Tscharntke et al. 2005), while the options for sustainable management to have an effect are greatest in landscapes of intermediate complexity. In this project we will evaluate how landscape complexity, as measured by diversity of habitats within it governs ecosystem service provision.2. Spatial pattern in the landscape.Spatial arrangement affects the flow through the landscape of potential service supply to the users or beneficiaries (Villa et al. 2011). It also alters flows of material or processes in the landscape related to ecosystem functions. For example, the magnitude and timing of water movement have a spatial component vertically, via infiltration rates, and horizontal flows overland, in streams and in groundwater, all of which govern flood regulation (Vigerstol & Aukema 2011). Configuration of landscape features has three elements, the overall area of each feature, the physical distribution of features and their location within the landscape. In this project we will explore how the configuration of landscape components contributes to delivery of multiple ecosystem services.The overall aim of this project is to test the role of diversity of habitats and ecosystems, and their spatial configuration, at the landscape scale in the delivery of multiple ecosystem services.We ask the following questions, each of which forms a project objective, delivered by a task:1) How does diversity of ecosystems or habitats at the landscape scale affect delivery of ecosystem services?2) Does the spatial configuration, including size, pattern and location of habitats in the landscape affect delivery of ecosystem services?We will test three of new generation ecosystem service models which operate at the landscape scale and support temporal and spatial process modelling routines: ARIES (Bagstad et al. 2011), INVEST (Nelson et al. 2008) and LUCI (Jackson et al. In press). The three models treat organisation of the landscape in fundamentally different ways, and operate at different scales. Past comparisons of two of the models (InVEST and ARIES) have focused on water services (Vigerstol & Aukema 2011) whereas here we include a new model (LUCI), and use them as tools to test hypotheses about how landscape structure influences the delivery of multiple ecosystem services, with an emphasis on exploring trade-offs and interaction between services.We will exploit the data-rich Conwy catchment in N Wales established as one of the three Mancronutrient Cycles catchments where intensive biophysical data is being collected crossing domains and ecosystem processes which underpin selected biodiversity and regulating ecosystem services.