Can metabolic traits limit species invasions under climate change?

入侵物种目前被认为是仅次于栖息地丧失的第二大原因，是全球生态系统功能发生迅速和不良变化的原因。仅在英国，每年入侵物种的成本估计约为17亿英镑。在这种情况下，令人担忧的主要原因是，人类介导的物种易位和全球变暖都导致物种的范围和音系的迅速变化，并以不断升级的速度。例如，由于气候驱动的北极冰盖融化和海洋环流的变化，一种太平洋硅藻Neodenticulaediae在80万年来首次被记录到北大西洋。这种突然的引入可以导致新的相互作用（例如，捕食者-猎物或资源竞争），这就有可能导致非本地物种破坏性地入侵当地社区。在这个项目中，我们将通过建立有史以来第一个关于代谢产物温度依赖性的全球数据库，通过相互作用与物种入侵相关的（生理）性状，使用这些数据来开发和参数化一个新的理论框架，并使用具有全球重要功能组的实验室实验来测试该理论的一些关键预测，浮游植物（光合作用的单细胞海洋和淡水藻类和细菌）。浮游植物是大多数水生食物网的基础，贡献了全球一半以上的初级生产力。我们将解决三个核心问题：（1）代谢特征（例如，呼吸和光合速率）的本地和非本地物种响应温度变化影响入侵？这个问题很重要，因为新的物种通常带着它们起源的环境的生理“行李”到达，因此可能很难适应它们的新环境（至少在最初）。(2)非本地物种对新环境的热适应（定义为随环境温度变化的热反应表型变化）的速率和幅度是否影响其入侵成功？这个问题很重要，因为许多物种可以通过迅速调整新陈代谢对温度的反应来克服新环境的初始不利条件。(3)自然温度循环是入侵成功的重要决定因素吗？这个问题很重要，因为物种入侵，特别是在温带地区，发生在气候周期性变化的日常（说夜周期）和季节性（例如，冬-夏）鳞片。因此，一个非本地物种，比如说，在冬天到达，可能比在夏天到达的成功入侵的机会要小。 总的来说，这项研究将填补一个主要的空白，我们的理解的重要性，物种入侵的物种相互作用的代谢限制。我们希望我们的研究结果能够为预测自然和人类主导的环境中的物种入侵奠定一个新的坚实基础。我们关于代谢特征的全球数据库将是一个宝贵的长期资源，用于将代谢特征映射到潜在的入侵物种上，也用于参数化正在进行的努力，以模拟气候变化对生态系统服务的影响，包括碳循环。

Invasive species are currently considered second only to habitat loss as a cause of rapid and undesirable changes in the functioning of ecosystems worldwide. In the United Kingdom alone, the annual cost of invasive species is estimated to be ~£1.7 billion. In this context, major cause for concern is that human-mediated species translocations and global warming are both causing rapid shifts in species' ranges and phonologies at an escalating rate. For example, a Pacific diatom Neodenticula seminae was documented into the North Atlantic for the first time in 800,000 years due to climate-driven melting of the Arctic ice cap and changes in ocean circulation. Such abrupt introductions can result in novel interactions (e.g., predator-prey or resource competition), which then have the potential to result in disruptive invasions of non-native species into local communities. In this project, we will meet the challenge of developing a general framework for predicting invasion success by building the first-ever global database on the temperature dependence of metabolic (physiological) traits relevant to species invasions through interactions, use these data to develop and parameterize a novel theoretical framework, and test some key predictions of this theory using laboratory experiments with a globally important functional group, the Phytoplankton (photosynthetic unicellular marine and freshwater algae and bacteria). Phytoplankton form the base of form the base of most aquatic food webs and contribute over half of global primary production. We will address three core questions: (1) How will mismatches in how metabolic traits (e.g., respiration and photosynthesis rate) of natives and non-native species respond to temperature change affect invasions? This question is important because new species often arrive with the physiological "baggage" of the environment they originated in, and therefore may be poorly adapted to their new environment (at least initially).(2) Does the rate and magnitude of thermal acclimation (defined as phenotypic changes in thermal-response with change in environmental temperature) in a non-native species to its new environment influence its invasion success? This question is important because many species can overcome the initial disadvantage of a novel environment by rapidly adjusting the way their metabolism responds to temperature. (3) Are natural temperature cycles important determinants of invasion success? This question is important because species invasions, especially in temperate regions, take place in climates that change cyclically at daily (say-night cycles) and seasonal (e.g., winter-summer) scales. Therefore, a non-native species that arrives, say, in winter, may have a lesser chance of invading successfully than if it arrived in summer. Overall, this study will fill a major gap in our understanding of the importance of metabolic constraints on species interactions for species invasions. We expect our results to form a new and robust foundation for predicting species invasions in natural as well as human-dominated environments. Our global database on metabolic traits will be a valuable, long-term resource for mapping metabolic traits onto potentially invasive species, and also for parameterizing ongoing efforts to model the effects of climate change on ecosystem services, including the carbon cycle.