The FIREsIdE International Collaboration: FIre Radiative powEr validation, Intercomparison & fire emissions Estimation

火辐射功率比对与排放估算（FIREsIdE）项目是一项多边国际合作项目，旨在准确评估景观火灾产生的烟雾排放对地球大气成分的影响，以及如何利用卫星地球观测（EO）在全球范围内对其进行量化和监测。该项目的目标围绕着标准化和相互比较各国（例如美国、德国）和国际（欧洲）空间机构发射的越来越多的装备适当的近地观测卫星所测量的辐射功率。并利用专门的现场活动对这些措施进行首次现场验证，同时测量所谓的“排放因子”，将这些FRP测量结果转化为对大气中实际烟雾排放的估计。虽然英国在探索生物质燃烧排放估算的FRP方法方面走在了前列，但到目前为止，我们不得不依靠一套美国极地轨道卫星（Terra和Aqua）来提供用于进行这些测量的数据。但现在情况已经不同了，最近或来年将发射一系列新的卫星来进行这些测量。这包括欧洲航天局（ESA）的Sentinel-3任务，其中英国在SLSTR仪器方面发挥主导作用，PI Wooster为此开发了主动火灾算法，并担任火灾产品的任务验证科学家。我们的项目利用了领导美国和德国任务的小组的技术和科学专业知识，并将利用它来确保SLSTR提供最佳的FRP测量结果，使这些测量结果尽可能与其他卫星仪器的测量结果一致，并开发一个框架，使来自不同仪器的多个观测结果可以结合在一起。最后，我们将利用与南非国家公园管理局合作提供的独特机会，为克鲁格国家公园内每年多次精心规划的景观尺度火灾提供卫星验证和排放因子测量机会。PI Wooster和Co-I Roberts在NERC国家地球观测中心（NCEO）开展的工作主要集中在全球范围内的这一主题，而PI Wooster在NERC SAMBBA（南美生物质燃烧分析）NERC响应模式联盟资助（NE/J010502/1; 2012-1016）下进行的工作主要集中在巴西亚马逊地区。国际机会基金的“泵启动+”项目建立在这两项活动的基础上，特别是利用卫星观测方法提供一致的、校准良好的、经过验证的生物质燃烧观测和排放计算。

The FIre Radiative powEr Intercomparison & Emissions estimation (FIREsIdE) project is a multi-lateral international collaborative effort focused around the requirement to accurately assess the impacts that smoke emissions from landscape fires have on the composition of Earth's atmosphere, and how this can be quantified and monitored globally using satellite Earth Observation (EO). The project objectives revolve around the standardization and intercomparison of fire radiative power (FRP) measurements made from the increasing number of appropriately equipped EO satellites launched by national (e.g. USA, Germany) and International (European) Space Agencies, and the use of a dedicated field campaign to provide the first field validaiton of these measures alongside the measurements of the so-called 'emissions factors' that are required to turn these FRP measurements into estimates of the actual smoke emissions to the atmosphere. Whilst the UK has be at the forefront of exploring the FRP approach to biomass burning emissions estimation, until now we have had to rely on a single set of US polar orbiting satellites (Terra and Aqua) to supply the data used to make these measurements. This is no longer the case, with a series of new satellites equipped to make these measurements recently being launched, or being launched in the coming year. This includes the European Space Agency's (ESA) Sentinel-3 mission, in which the UK is taking a leading role with the SLSTR instrument and for which PI Wooster has developed the active fire algorithm and is the Mission Validation Scientist for the fire products. Our project leverages technical and scientific expertise from the groups leading the US and German missions, and will use it to ensure optimum FRP measurements are delivered from SLSTR, to make these measurements as consistent as possible with those of the other satellite instruments, and develop a framework where multiple observations can be combined together despite coming from different instruments. Finally, we will use a unique opportunity offered via the collaboration with the South African National Parks Service to provide satellite validation and emissions factor measurement opportunities at large, carefully planned landscape scale fires conducted multiple times per year within Kruger National Park. The work by PI Wooster and Co-I Roberts performed within the NERC National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO) has been focused on this topic at the global scale, and that by PI Wooster conducted under the NERC SAMBBA (South American Biomass Burning Analysis) NERC responsive mode consortium grant (NE/J010502/1; 2012-1016) is focused specifically on the Brazilian Amazon. This International Opportunities Fund Pump Priming + project builds on both these activities, and specifically on the use of satellite EO methods to provide consistent, well-calibrated and validated biomass burning observations and emissions calculations.