Urban hybriD models for AiR pollution exposure Assessment (UDARA)

空气污染影响着世界人口的健康。世卫组织估计，室外空气污染每年导致370万人死亡（占全球总死亡人数的6.7%），并敦促会员国建立空气质量监测系统和健康登记，以改进对与空气污染有关的所有疾病的监测。建立和维护空气质量监测基础设施的成本可能很高。此外，仅靠空气质量监测并不能为健康结果的有力分析或进一步的空气质量管理提供基础。在人口稠密的印度尼西亚城市地区，空气污染造成的健康风险越来越多地与交通活动有关，而森林火灾排放进一步加剧了与空气污染有关的健康影响。这是印度尼西亚的一个重大健康问题，对经济和福利都有影响。为了能够采取在更广泛的发展、福利和经济目标范围内可行的有效控制措施，需要大大改进人口受污染程度的量化。为了能够进行这种量化，必须确定远距离和当地污染源的贡献以及确定接触污染物对健康影响的适当健康数据的可用性。UDARA项目将是曼彻斯特大学和3个印度尼西亚机构之间的多学科合作；万隆技术研究所、印度尼西亚国家核能机构和帕贾贾兰大学，涉及辐射科学家、大气科学家和卫生科学家。该项目将开发一种新方法，提供可靠的暴露估计，以分析印度尼西亚城市空气污染对健康结果的影响。它将采用欧盟ESCAPE项目内开发的一种新方法，以应对缺乏欧洲特定的暴露-反应关系数据以及使用各种暴露模型在健康结果分析中带来的不确定性。ESCAPE开发了用于开发和测试LUR模型的标准化协议，同时仍然允许充分的灵活性来结合应用程序的特定因素。将遥感和化学输运模型输出结合起来的进一步改进改进了模型在复杂污染气候条件下的性能，例如印度尼西亚的经验。ESCAPE项目包括经典和混合动力车型的开发，但它们在印尼城市地区的污染气候下的性能还有待调查。在UDARA中，我们将在雅加达收集新数据，雅加达是一个人口稠密的城市，其污染问题以城市排放为主，苏门答腊岛的第二个城市受到季节性生物质燃烧的严重影响。气体和颗粒污染物的高空间分辨率测量以及来自两个3D污染模型的数据将在ESCAPE方法中使用，以得出两个城市的污染物暴露估计。我们还将对印度尼西亚健康结果数据的质量和数量进行评估，这些数据可用于今后的流行病学研究。因此，UDARA将为评估印度尼西亚接触空气污染造成的健康后果提供一种新的方法和坚实的基础。

Air pollution affects the health of the world's population. The WHO estimate that 3.7 million deaths are annually attributable to outdoor air pollution (6.7% of all deaths globally) and urged Member States to develop air quality monitoring systems and health registries to improve surveillance for all illnesses related to air pollution. Establishing and maintaining air quality monitoring infrastructure can be costly. Furthermore, air quality monitoring alone does not provide the basis for robust analysis of health outcomes or onward air quality management.Health risks due to air pollution in densely-populated Indonesian urban areas are increasingly associated with transport activities, whilst forest fire emissions further exacerbate health impacts associated with air-pollution. This represents a major health concern for Indonesia with both economic and welfare implications. In order to enable effective control measures that are feasible within wider development, welfare and economic goals, much improved quantification of the exposure of the population to pollution is required. To enable such quantification, the contributions from long-range and local sources pollutants and the availability of suitable health data to the determine health impacts of pollutant exposure must be established.The UDARA project will be a multidisciplinary collaboration between the University of Manchester and 3 Indonesian Institutions; the Institut Teknologi Bandung, National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia and the University of Padjadjaran involving exposure scientists, atmospheric scientists and health scientists. The project will develop a new approach for providing reliable exposure estimates for analysing the impact of air pollution on health outcomes in Indonesian cities. It will employ a new methodology developed within the EU ESCAPE project in response to the lack of European-specific data on exposure-response relationships and the uncertainty introduced into health outcome analyses by the use of varied exposure models. ESCAPE developed standardised protocols for developing and testing LUR models, while still allowing sufficient flexibility to incorporate application specific factors. The further refinement to incorporate remote sensing and chemical transport model outputs has improved model performance in complex pollution climates such as experienced in Indonesia. The ESCAPE project involved the development of both classic and hybrid models but their performance in the sort of pollution climate seen in Indonesian urban areas has yet to be investigated. Within UDARA, we will collect new data in Jakarta, a heavily populated city with a pollution problem dominated by urban emissions, and a second city in Sumatera substantially influenced by seasonal biomass burning. The highly spatially resolved measurements of both gaseous and particulate pollutants and data from two 3D pollution models will be used within the ESCAPE methodology to derive pollutant exposure estimates for the two cities. We will additionally conduct an evaluation of the quality and quantity of Indonesian health outcome data that can be used for subsequent future epidemiological studies.UDARA will thereby provide a new methodology and robust basis for evaluating the health outcomes from air pollution exposure in Indonesia.