EYE MOVEMENTS IN ALCOHOLISM AND INDIVIDUALS AT RISK FOR ALCOHOLISM

对人类眼球运动的研究提供了一个 非常有用的方法来检查各种 认知功能。很明显， 扫视眼球运动与注意力有关。什么不是这样 很明显，认知的其他方面，如短期的， 记忆、预备组和不适当的语境抑制 也可以使用眼球运动技术来评估反应。 短时记忆、预备定势与语境抑制 不适当的反应构成了前额叶的核心功能 大脑皮层是大脑中最主要的控制高级秩序的区域 认知过程我们使用了许多不同的任务， 引发扫视，包括Go/No Go任务和延迟反应 任务这些任务使我们能够独立评估核心功能 前额叶皮层的准确性和潜伏期， 记忆引导的扫视，以及上下文的频率 不适当的扫视应该被抑制。使用这些任务 我们已经证明精神分裂症患者在这三个方面都受到了损害， 前额叶皮层功能的核心方面，而儿童 注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）是受损的， 只有他们的能力，以抑制上下文不适当的扫视。期间 过去一年，我们已经证明，类似于儿童， 注意力缺陷多动障碍，酗酒者在他们的能力受到损害，抑制上下文 不恰当的扫视流畅的追踪眼球运动 酗酒是很正常的。我们还扩大了 研究了一些酗酒者的眼球运动， 酗酒风险增加的儿童，如儿童 有虐待史的人这些孩子的眼神 运动功能障碍类似于我们在ADHD中观察到的。

The study of human eye movements provides an extremely useful approach to the examination of a variety of cognitive functions. It is obvious that the latency and goal of saccadic eye movements are related to attention. What is not so obvious is that other aspects of cognition such as short-term memory, preparatory set, and inhibition of context inappropriate responses can also be assessed using eye movement techniques. Short-term memory, preparatory set, and inhibition of context inappropriate responses constitute core functions of the prefrontal cortex, the brain region most involved in the control of higher order cognitive processes. We have used a number of different tasks to elicit saccades, including Go/No Go tasks and delayed response tasks. These tasks allow us to independently assess core functions of the prefrontal cortex by measuring the accuracy and latency of memory guided saccades, as well as the frequency of context inappropriate saccades that should be inhibited. Using these tasks we have demonstrated that schizophrenics are impaired in all three core aspects of prefrontal cortex function while children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are impaired in only their ability to inhibit context inappropriate saccades. During the past year we have demonstrated that, similar to children with ADHD, alcoholics are impaired in their ability to inhibit context inappropriate saccades. The smooth pursuit eye movements of alcoholics are completely normal. We have also expanded the number of alcoholics studied and examined eye movements in children who have an increased risk for alcoholism, such as children with a past history of abuse. These children show a pattern of eye movement dysfunction similar to what we have observed in ADHD.