FAPESP-Enhancing Hydro-Mechanical Predictions of CO2-REactive Storage reservoirs from geophysical monitoring (EHMPRES)

当前气候危机的缓解取决于可再生能源、碳氢化合物、二氧化碳等温室气体的长期地下储存以及有望实现的新氢(H2)燃料经济性的有效整合。后一种新兴技术建立在为捕获使用和存储(CCUS)开发的技术之上，并将扩展这些技术。挪威和英国领导着欧洲现有的和计划中的大型CCUS项目，改变了以前的石油和天然气开采地点和基础设施的用途(例如，到2030年，英国的四个能源集群将大规模部署CCUS)。CCUS在全球引起了越来越大的兴趣。国际行动计划(例如巴西、印度尼西亚和马来西亚)现在的目标是实施陆上和海上CCUS，以实现雄心勃勃的净零排放目标。这个及时和创新的项目旨在将英国在环境科学方面的专业知识和CCUS与这些国家的新伙伴关系联系起来，输出知识和经验，并进行研究，以应对有关地质二氧化碳和氢气储存的全球挑战。一个成功的CCUS项目需要在机械稳定的地层中进行有效的地下存储。这需要对地下岩石进行详细、多尺度的表征，以确定其二氧化碳储存能力、注入和储存过程中力学行为的变化，以及监测泄漏开始和可能的流体迁移的能力。英国项目组已经开发了新的技术，以定量描述和监控从实验室到现场的CCUS活动；然而，这些技术的应用主要集中在欧洲特殊的近海地点，这些地点主要针对砂岩地层，对二氧化碳几乎没有反应。国际合作伙伴提出的目标(以及潜在的、但之前被忽视的英国目标)涉及对二氧化碳岩性更具反应性，如碳酸盐、玄武岩、页岩和煤层。巴西的CCUS计划将所有这些岩性作为潜在的储集层目标，这些都在圣保罗的帕拉纳沉积盆地得到了很好的体现，以及快速有效地实施CCUS所需的经验和基础设施(石油和天然气巨头的承诺)。在这些更具反应性的地层中，二氧化碳注入可能引发各种二氧化碳-流体-岩石反应，包括矿物溶解和沉淀机制，这可能会危及储层的完整性，限制注入能力和传输效率。联合王国项目的组成部分以前展示了如何根据不同的地球物理特征在实验室规模上检测到类似的矿物学变化，并进行实时监测，从而实现早期预警。该项目(EHMPRES)寻求开发一种准确的方法，利用帕拉纳沉积盆地的新岩石样本，检测二氧化碳引起的矿物变化与孔隙流体替代同时发生的情况，以首次详细描述二氧化碳反应的CCUS地点。该方法涉及对CCUS候选样品的化学、水力和机械性质进行综合实验室评估，以提供对二氧化碳-岩石的地球化学和地质力学相互作用的必要了解，以及相关的地球物理特征，以便利用地震和电磁方法进行远程地球物理监测。EHMPRES将在来自NOC和IEE/USP的二氧化碳储存和储集层描述方面的世界领先专家之间建立一个新的国际合作，这对于能够解释CCUS目标的反应地质综合体至关重要。我们的发现将扩展到氢气储存(全球需求不断增加)和二氧化碳增强型地热回收，这两种策略在概念上都与CCUS相似。该项目将构成英国-S圣保罗国家长期合作网络的基础，以开发和验证工具来评估全球范围内用于储存天然气的各种反应性储层，加强英国在CCUS研究方面的领导地位。

The mitigation of the current climate crisis depends on the effective integration of renewables, hydrocarbons, long-term subsurface storage of greenhouse gases, such as CO2, and promising new hydrogen (H2) fuel economy. The latter emerging technology builds on, and will extend, techniques developed for Capture Usage and Storage (CCUS). Norway and UK lead the existing and planned large scale CCUS projects in Europe, repurposing previous oil and gas extraction sites and infrastructure (e.g., four UK Energy clusters will deploy CCUS at scale by 2030). CCUS is of growing global interest. International action plans (e.g. Brazil, Indonesia and Malaysia) now aim to implement onshore and offshore CCUS to achieve ambitious Net Zero emissions targets. This timely and innovative project aims to connect UK expertise in environmental science and CCUS to new partnerships in these countries, exporting knowledge and experience, and conducting research to address global challenges concerning geological CO2 and H2 storage. A successful CCUS project requires efficient subsurface storage in mechanically stable formations. This requires detailed, multi-scale characterization of subsurface rocks to determine their CO2 storage capacity, changes in their mechanical behaviour during injection and storage, and the capacity to monitor the onset of leakage and possible fluid migration. Novel technologies have been developed by the UK project team to quantitatively characterise and monitor CCUS activities from laboratory- to field-scale; however, application of these techniques has focused on the exceptional offshore European sites that largely target sandstone formations, barely reactive to CO2. Proposed targets of international partners (and potential, but previously disregarded UK targets) involve more reactive to CO2 lithologies, e.g. carbonates, basalts, shales and coal beds. Brazil's CCUS plan includes all these lithologies as potential reservoir targets, which are all well-represented in the Paraná Sedimentary Basin, Sao Paolo, and the required experience and infrastructure in place (the oil and gas majors' commitment) for rapid and effective CCUS implementation. The diverse CO2-fluid-rock reactions that CO2 injection can trigger in these more reactive formations include combined mineral dissolution and precipitation mechanisms, which can jeopardize reservoir integrity, limit injection capacity and transmission efficiency. The UK project components have previously shown how similar mineralogical changes can be detected at the laboratory scale based on their distinct geophysical character, and monitored in real-time, thus enabling early warning. This project (EHMPRES) seeks to develop an accurate methodology to detect CO2-induced mineral changes occurring simultaneously with pore fluid substitution, using new rock samples from Paraná Sedimentary Basin, to provide the first detailed characterisation of CO2-reactive CCUS sites. The methodology involves a combined laboratory assessment of the chemical, hydraulic and mechanical properties of CCUS candidate samples, to provide the necessary understanding of CO2-rock geochemical and geomechanical interactions, together with the associated geophysical signatures, for informing remote geophysical monitoring using seismic and electromagnetic methods. EHMPRES will establish a new international collaboration between world-leading experts in CO2 storage and reservoir characterization from NOC and IEE/USP, essential to enable interpretation of reactive geological complexes targeted for CCUS. Our findings will be extendable to H2 storage (with an increasing demand worldwide) and CO2-enhanced geothermal recovery, both conceptually similar strategies to CCUS. This project will form the basis of a long-term UK-São Paulo state collaborative network to develop and validate tools to assess a wide range of reactive reservoirs for storing gas worldwide, reinforcing the UK leadership in CCUS research.