SINGLE CODE/DEFAULT STRATEGY USE BY ANIMALS

对动物认知的研究提供了证据， 因为猴子和鸽子能够形成刺激类， 这是必要的收购的概念，包括那些 人类语言发展所必需的（Zentall & Smeets，1996）。 虽然现在有很好的证据证明存在的证据， 这样的编码过程对所得到的编码结果的性质知之甚少。 代码.认知学习的动物模型的一个重要局限性是， 动物如何在记忆中表现事件一直是个难题。 本项目的长期目标是确定 负责这些编码过程，并确定 代码本身在实践层面，这些程序可以（和 已经被用于治疗学习障碍， 发育迟缓儿童（Sidman，1994）。 最近的证据表明，当鸽子获得一个延迟的条件， 涉及有无条件的歧视 刺激，他们这样做是通过开发一个单一的代码/默认策略（其中一个 两个条件刺激被编码，另一个不是，但被假设为 第一种情况是在没有代码的情况下发生的）。证据 这种战略的发展是以非平行的形式出现的， （发散）保留功能时，获得延迟插入之间的 初始（条件）刺激和测试刺激。高，平 无样本保持函数和阶跃保持函数 （低于机会）在现在的样本表明，只有现在 样本在内存中表示，并且响应指示缺席 默认情况下，会生成“样本已存在”。的理解 开发单一代码/默认策略很重要，因为它 表明鸽子有能力获得一种 对称的（即，两个选择）任务使用不对称，但也许 更高效的编码策略。本研究的目的是 (1)批判性地评估现有证据的发展/ 单代码/默认策略在鸽子和评估替代 关于不同保留决定因素的假说 （2）确定在何种条件下，真正的单一- 将制定代码/默认策略，以及（3）确定 持续时间-样本匹配后获得的保留函数（研究 关于持续时间的记忆），这与以下内容惊人地相似 训练与当前缺席样本的性质，该单一的基础 代码.

Research in animal cognition has provided evidence that species as diverse as monkeys and pigeons are capable of the formation of stimulus classes that are necessary for the acquisition of concepts including those required for the development of human language (Zentall & Smeets, 1996). Although there is now good evidence for the evidence of the existence of such coding processes little is known about the nature of the resulting codes. A significant limitation of animal models of cognitive learning has been the difficulty in specifying how animals represent events in memory. The long-term objects of this project are to determine the mechanisms responsible for these coding processes and to identify the nature of the codes themselves. At a practical level, these procedures can be (and already have been) used in the treatment of learning disabled and developmentally delayed children (Sidman, 1994). Recent evidence suggests that when pigeons acquire a delayed conditional discrimination involving the presence versus the absence of a conditional stimulus, they do so by developing a single-code/default strategy (one of the two conditional stimuli is coded, the other is not, but is assumed to have occurred in the absence of a code for the first). Evidence for the development of such a strategy comes in the form of non-parallel (divergent) retention function obtained when delay is inserted between the initial (conditional) stimuli and the test stimuli. The high, flat retention function on absent-sample trials and step retention function (falling below chance) on present-sample suggests that only the present sample is represented in memory and a response indicating that a absent sample has been present is made by default. An understanding of the development of the single-code/default strategy is important because it suggests that pigeons have the capacity to acquire an inherently symmetrical (i.e., two-alternative) task using an asymmetric, but perhaps more efficient, coding strategy. The purpose of the present research is (1) to critically evaluate existing evidence for the development/the single-code/default strategy in pigeons and to assess alternative hypotheses concerning the determinants of the divergent retention functions, (2) to determine the conditions under which true single- code/default strategies will develop, and (3) to determine the basis for retention functions obtained following duration-sample matching (research on memory for duration), which are strikingly similar to those following training with present-absent samples nature of that single underlying code.