A Multi-Method Investigation of Infant Emotion

描述(由申请人提供)：强烈的情感表达-两者 积极和消极--言语前交流的特点，影响 与照顾者的互动和后来的发展。将有多种方法 用于评估情绪强度是否由面部标记来索引 在正面(微笑)和负面(哭脸)面部表情中都会发生。 这些假设的强度标记是更强的嘴角动作， 眼睛周围的脸颊抬起，嘴巴张开。106 四个月大的婴儿参与了一种标准化的录像方案- 面对面/静止面对面协议(FFSFP)-可靠地获得广泛的 正面和负面的面部表情。微笑的持续时间和 三种假设强度中的每一种都有或没有涉及到的哭脸 标记将可靠地从婴儿的近距离录像图像中编码 使用基于解剖学的编码干的人脸(FACS/BabyFACS)。脸部 强度标记预计会同时出现在微笑和 哭脸时，内部效度的一个指标。婴儿产前暴露于 有非最佳情绪调节风险的可卡因(n=47)是 假设用较少的强度标记来显示微笑和 有更多标记的哭脸。笑脸和哭脸牵涉到 预计将分别有更多数量的假设强度标记， 在FFSFP的更多积极和消极事件期间。笑脸和哭脸 随着强度标记数量的增加，假设更有可能 与情感和谐的发声和更快的心跳共同出现 比具有更少标记的表达式更快的速率。天真的观察者被假定为 将包含更多强度标记的微笑和哭脸评级为， 在情感上比表情更积极，在表情上更消极 更少的记号笔。总而言之，经验性验证的强度标志 早期积极的和消极的情绪表达将被记录下来 调查涉及更多重叠的表达式 标记出现在情感上适当的情况下，与 高危婴儿情感强度的其他指标，以及 通过确定本地观察者是否将这些表达式视为 情绪特别强烈的。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Intense emotional expressions - both positive and negative - characterize preverbal communication, influencing interaction with caregivers and later development. Multiple methods will be used to assess whether emotional intensity is indexed by facial markers that occur during both positive (smile) and negative (cry-face) facial expressions. These hypothesized intensity markers are stronger lip corner actions, the raising of the cheeks around the eyes, and mouth opening. One hundred and six four-month-olds have engaged in a standardized videotaped protocol - the face-to-face/still-face protocol (FFSFP) - that reliably elicits a wide range of positive and negative facial expressions. The duration of smiles and cry-faces that do and do not involve each of the three hypothesized intensity markers will be reliably coded from close-up videotaped images of the infants' faces using an anatomically-based coding stem (FACS/BabyFACS). The facial intensity markers are expected to occur simultaneously during smiles and during cry-faces, an index of internal validity. Infants prenatally exposed to cocaine who are at risk for non-optimal emotion regulation (n=47) are hypothesized to show smiles with a smaller number of intensity markers and cry-faces with a greater number of markers. Smiles and cry-faces involving a greater number of hypothesized intensity markers are expected, respectively, during more positive and negative episodes of the FFSFP. Smiles and cry-faces with higher numbers of intensity markers are hypothesized to be more likely to co-occur with affectively concordant vocalizations and with more rapid heart rate than expressions with fewer markers. Naive observers are hypothesized to rate smiles and cry-faces involving a higher number of intensity markers as, respectively, more emotionally positive and more negative than expressions with fewer markers. In sum, empirically validated markers of the intensity of early positive and negative emotional expression will be documented by investigating whether expressions involving a greater number of overlapping markers occur during affectively appropriate situations in conjunction with other indices of affective intensity among more and less at-risk infants, and by determining whether these expressions are perceived by native observers as being especially emotionally intense.