NONNORMATIVE PARENTING IMPACTS IN MIDLIFE AND OLD AGE

描述（由申请人提供）：这项研究建立在一个小赠款的进展 并使用威斯康星州纵向研究（WLS）调查的长期影响，非规范的父母。有发育障碍（DD）或精神分裂症孩子的父母，或者经历过孩子死亡的父母，将与未受影响的父母就父母成就和作为父母的幸福感进行比较？从中年到退休年龄的过渡。使用一套新的筛选措施，这些群体中的父母将在WLS队列中确定。将受影响的WLS父母与未受影响的父母进行比较，控制非规范性养育事件发生前父母组之间的差异。这些分析将包括在组内的异质性WLS父母经历了一个非规范的养育挑战，在不同的点在生命历程中的横截面组比较，和纵向分析的影响，非规范的养育经验的生命历程的轨迹和结果的评估。本研究有四个具体的目的：（1）调查DD或精神分裂症儿童的父母和失去死亡儿童的父母与未受影响的父母的差异 （2）调查这些非规范性育儿事件的时间对父母生活轨迹和幸福感的影响;（3）检查母亲与父亲对有残疾孩子或经历孩子死亡的不同影响;和（4）使用NSFH调查的数据重复这些分析，以便将WLS的结果与更广泛年龄范围的全国样本中获得的结果进行比较。拟议的研究整合了生命历程的角度与模型的过程和变化的压力和应对框架，了解终身模式的适应与非规范的父母的经验。WLS提供了一个前所未有的机会来研究非规范性父母对事件发生前招募和评估的样本的影响，因此不太容易受到限制以前研究的自我选择偏见的影响。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This research builds on the progress of a small grant and uses the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS) to investigate the long-range effects of non-normative parenting. Parents who have either a child with a developmental disability (DD) or schizophrenia, or who have experienced the death of a child, will be compared with unaffected parents with respect to parental attainment and well being as the parent?s transition from midlife to the early retirement years. Using a new set of screening measures, parents in these groups will be identified in the WLS cohort. Affected WLS parents will be compared with unaffected parents, controlling for differences among the parent groups before the non-normative parenting event occurred. The analyses will include within group ssessments of heterogeneity among WLS parents who experienced a nonnormative parenting challenge, cross-sectional group comparisons at various points in the life course, and longitudinal analyses of the effects of non-normative parenting experiences on the life course trajectories and outcomes. The study has four specific aims: (1) to investigate how parents of children with DD or schizophrenia and parents who have lost a child to death differ from parents of unaffected children in midlife and in the transition to retirement; (2) to investigate the effect of the timing of these non-normative parenting events on parental life course trajectories and well-being; (3) to examine the differential impact on mothers versus fathers of having a child with a disability or experiencing the death of a child; and (4) to replicate these analyses using data from the NSFH survey in order to compare the WLS findings to those obtained in a national sample with a broader age range. The proposed research integrates the life course perspective with models of process and change from the stress and coping framework to understand life-long patterns of adaptation associated with non-normative parenting experiences. The WLS provides an unprecedented opportunity to study the effects of non-normative parenting for a sample that was recruited and assessed before the events occurred, and is thus less vulnerable to the self- selection biases that constrained previous research.