Experiencing the Divine: Lighting strategies and temple illumination in Bassae, Olympia and Athens

提出的这项研究旨在使用数字技术(CG和摄影测量)来分析精选的古希腊神庙，并再现其原始设计中的环境和建筑条件。它将探索阳光、灯光、油/水反射池、烟雾和希腊三座关键神庙内金属表面之间的视觉相互作用：巴萨的阿波罗神庙、雅典的帕台农神庙和奥林匹亚的宙斯神庙-所有这些神庙都以其设计中刻意的光学策略而闻名，伊克蒂诺斯或菲迪亚斯也参与了它们的建造。这篇博士论文将开发一种新的可广泛移植的方法来分析复杂的建筑空间，并产生与古典考古学家和艺术历史学家相关的实质性成果，特别是关于寺庙的建筑框架和室内照明。坦纳等人确定了古典希腊寺庙建筑中光线被操纵的方式，以增强观者与神灵的仪式相遇。窗户、门或抛光地板的放置是用来改变邪教雕像的感官知觉的装置，总共有助于戏剧化寺庙内部的神圣性。伊克蒂诺斯的巴萨神庙和帕台农神庙都有窗户或侧门，被认为是上演神像的假定光源。此外，这两座建筑都以高质量的装饰叙事浮雕为特色，放置在阴影区。什么样的照明条件会促进他们的阅读？在Bassae，已经有人提议为这一目的建造一个超高的地窖或穿孔屋顶，但从门进入的直接光线足以照亮这个空间吗？如果需要灯，它们的类型和数量会是什么？在这种情况下，室内空间内的烟雾是如何控制的？其他创新，如帕台农神庙的水池，这也是奥林匹亚宙斯神庙的特点，可能起到了定向和反射装置的作用，以增强和揭示周围空间的闪光和闪光。一些作者声称这些寺庙的天花板是半透明的，这种说法还能持续下去吗？这样的组合会有什么结果呢？大多数寺庙的破坏状态阻碍了对光现象的理解和分析。为了回答这些问题，CG技术允许我们复制不同材料、人造光和阳光之间的相互作用。CG在传统考古学领域变得越来越重要，因为它们有能力解决某些分析困难，否则这些困难将需要大量的时间和资源。因此，该项目的研究战略提出了以下几个阶段：1)使用广泛的调查和可用的数据创建初步的低分辨率模型，以探索不同的假设重建。在这里，可以应用先进的照明计算来测试每种模型的可行性。此模拟称为光能传递，用于确定直接光源并计算场景中反射光线的所有其他曲面。这些效应是通过实时物理学计算出来的，它允许在一年的周期中在特定的经度和纬度再现太阳弧线。2)通过这些低分辨率模型研究光的行为，以确定它们的可行性，当与文本正文中提供的证据进行核对时。3)实施完全纹理的模型来再现环境条件，并允许对工作空间进行超真实的了解。观察复杂空间中光的行为将有助于我们证明或反驳现有的考古天文学主张，并阐明建筑策略和创新。它还希望以一种可以转移到更大的地中海宗教背景的方式，提供与公元前5世纪建筑有关的仪式和宗教信仰的更广泛的洞察。

The research proposed aims to use digital technology (CG and photogrammetry) to analyse a selection of Classical Greek temples and recreate the ambient and architectural conditions present in their original design. It will explore the visual interplay between sunlight, lamplight, reflectant pools of oil/water, smoke and metallic surfaces within three key Greek temples: Apollo at Bassae, the Parthenon in Athens and of Zeus at Olympia-all well known for the deliberate optical strategies in their designs, and which shared the presence of Iktinos or Phidias in their construction. This doctoral thesis will develop a new widely transferable methodology for analysing complex-built spaces and produce substantial results relevant to Classical archaeologists and art historians, particularly regarding the architectural framing and interior lighting of temples.Tanner, amongst others, identified ways in which light was manipulated in Classical Greek temple architecture in order to enhance the ritual encounter of the viewer with the divine. The placement of windows, doors, or polished floors were devices used to alter the sensorial perception of the cult statue, and altogether helped to dramatise the sacredness of the temple interior. Iktinos' temples of Bassae and the Parthenon share the existence of windows or side doors, noted as presumable sources of light to stage the god's image. Moreover, both buildings feature decorated narrative friezes of high quality, placed in shadowed areas. What sort of lighting conditions would have facilitated their reading? At Bassae, a hypaethral cella or pierced roofs have been proposed for such purpose, but would direct light that entered from the doors be enough to illuminate this space? If lamps were needed, what would have been their type and number? And in this case how was smoke controlled within interior spaces? Other innovations such a water pool in the Parthenon, a characteristic also present in the temple of Zeus at Olympia, may have acted as directional and reflecting devices to enhance and reveal the gleam and shine of the surrounding space. Are some authors' claims of translucent ceilings for these temples still sustainable? What would have been the results of such combinations? The ruinous state of most temples hinders the understanding and analysis of light phenomena.To answer these questions, CG technology allows us to replicate the interactions between diverse materials, artificial light and sunlight. CG has become increasingly important in the field of traditional archaeology due to their capacity to address certain analytical difficulties that would otherwise demand enormous time and resources. Therefore, the investigative strategy for this project proposes these stages: 1) The creation of preliminary low-resolution models using extensive surveys and available data to explore different hypothetical reconstructions. Here advanced lighting calculations can then be applied to test the viability of each model. This simulation, known as radiosity, is used to determine a direct light source and compute all the other surfaces reflecting light in a scene. These effects are calculated with real time physics that allows the reproduction of the sun's arc at a particular longitude and latitude, throughout a yearly cycle.2) Study of the behaviour of light through these low-resolution models to identify their viability when checked against the evidence presented in the body of text.3) Implementation of a fully-textured model to reproduce ambient conditions and allow hyper-real understanding of the working space. Looking into the behaviour of light across a complex space will help us to prove or disprove existing archaeoastronomical claims and elucidate architectural strategies and innovations. It also looks to provide a wider insight of the ritual and religious beliefs linked to architecture of the fifth century BC, in a way that is transferrable to a larger context of Mediterranean religions.