Life Course and Contextual Determinants of HIV Risk

描述(由申请者提供)：这项建议旨在促进对青少年艾滋病毒风险行为的生命过程决定因素的了解，并明确关注社区的风险背景。虽然一系列研究已经调查了结构性环境(例如，社区贫困)对危险行为流行的作用，但很少有人试图揭示这些因素与危险性行为比率之间的联系机制。我们解决了以下问题：(1)城市社区的结构和空间特征(集中的劣势、集中的富裕、居住的稳定性和种族的异质性)是否与青春期性风险行为相关？(2)社区的社会过程(集体效能、身体和社会障碍、规范取向)是否在社区结构效应和性风险行为之间起中介或适度的关联？(3)社区机构资源(社区组织/服务和学校)是否在社区结构效应和性风险行为之间起中介或适度的关联？以及(4)邻里社会网络和家庭过程(冲突/攻击性和父母的温暖、严厉和参与)是否在邻里之间对性危险行为的结构性影响中起到中介或适度的作用？我们还考虑了假设的邻里结构效应机制对性风险行为的影响是否受到个体发展脆弱性(情绪健康不良和认知功能低下)和近端风险因素(暴露于暴力、偏离常人和风险容忍态度)以及邻里社会过程和其他背景影响之间的潜在交互作用的影响。来自芝加哥社区人类发展项目的数据被用来检查社区对性危险行为的影响。这项研究是多层次的，从芝加哥的80个社区中随机选择家庭，按种族/民族和社会经济地位分层。在这项建议中，3波数据将用于9岁、12岁和15岁首次出现的3个青年队列，以及此后每2年(N=2344)。每一波都对青少年和家长进行了密集的访谈。在第一波和第三波之前对社区特征进行了评估。社区数据来自：(1)居民对社区评估的大规模调查；(2)社区的观察性研究；(3)人口普查数据；(4)来自当地机构的行政数据。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This proposal seeks to advance knowledge regarding adolescent life course determinants of HIV risk behavior with explicit attention to the neighborhood context of risk. While a range of studies has investigated the role of structural context (e.g., neighborhood poverty) on the prevalence of risk behavior, few have attempted to unpack the mechanisms that link these factors with rates of risky sexual activity. We address the following questions: (1) Are structural and spatial features of urban neighborhoods (concentrated disadvantage, concentrated affluence, residential stability, & ethnic heterogeneity) associated with adolescent sexual risk behavior? (2) Do neighborhood social processes (collective efficacy, physical and social disorder, & normative orientations) mediate or moderate associations between neighborhood structural effects and sexual risk behavior? (3) Do community institutional resources (neighborhood organizations/services & schools) mediate or moderate associations among neighborhood structural effects and sexual risk behavior? And (4) Do neighborhood social networks and family processes (conflict/aggression and parental warmth, harshness, and engagement) mediate or moderate neighborhood structural effects on sexual risk behavior? We also consider whether the effect of hypothesized mechanisms of neighborhood structural effects on sexual risk behavior are moderated by individual developmental vulnerabilities (poor emotional health and low cognitive functioning) and proximal risk factors (exposure to violence, deviant peers, & risk tolerant attitudes) as well as potential interactions between neighborhood social processes and other contextual influences. Data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods are used to examine neighborhood effects on sexual risk behavior. This study is multilevel, with households randomly selected from 80 Chicago neighborhoods stratified by race/ethnicity and SES. For this proposal, 3 waves of data will be used for 3 cohorts of youth first seen at ages 9, 12, and 15 and every 2 years thereafter (N = 2344). Intensive interviews with adolescents and parents were conducted at each wave. Neighborhood characteristics were assessed before wave 1 and at wave 3. Neighborhood data are drawn from: (1) large-scale survey of resident's assessments of neighborhoods; (2) observational study of neighborhoods; (3) Census data; and (4) administrative data from local agencies.