Resistance to mass persecution: the survival of Jews in France (1940-1944) - a sociological investigation of extraordinary behaviour of ordinary peopl

在我的博士项目中，我结合了社会科学和历史，揭示了促进抵抗压迫和迫害的社会和政治因素，并调查了个人利他主义行为是如何被社会制度所构建的。犹太人在大屠杀期间在法国的生存就是一个历史例子。为什么在1940年到1944年间，75%的法国犹太人逃过了驱逐？我关注两个截然不同但又相互关联的主题：一些无私的个人冒着生命危险保护犹太人的决定，以及政治和宗教团体在解释法国不同地区犹太人存活率差异方面的作用。在解释德国占领下犹太人存活率变化的背景下，Braun（2016）将重点放在了荷兰和比利时犹太人的救援上，表明当地少数民族教会在犹太人的救援中发挥了重要作用。他证明了荷兰天主教地区的犹太人更有可能得到新教徒的拯救，反之亦然。我将重点评估这些假设是否也适用于法国，以及是否可以在政治少数群体的情况下观察到类似的救援行动模式。相当多的研究集中在利他行为的现象，一些个人采取了巨大的代价或风险对自己（蒙特罗1991年，Geras 1995年）。以色列国表彰在大屠杀期间冒着生命危险拯救犹太人免遭迫害的非犹太人个人。在2.6万名“国际义人”中，有4000多名法国人被授予这一殊荣。在法国，只有两项关于正义的定量研究（Hannoun 2005, Frenk 2008）使用了基本的描述性统计。在这些研究的基础上，我运用了更先进的统计技术，纳入了人口普查数据，并考虑到了社区层面的情况。为了评估关于生存变化的假设，我利用了现有的数据集，这些数据集基于德国的登记列表，这些列表提供了1942年居住在法国的所有犹太人的详细地址信息（参见Braun 2019，获取相同的方法）。我从法国的驱逐名单中找出1942年至1944年间被驱逐出境的法国犹太人的名字，以便找出成功逃离纳粹的犹太人。登记列表包含有关犹太人个人地址的信息，这些信息可以进行地理编码（Braun 2016）。在将地理信息与被驱逐的犹太人和逃脱的犹太人相匹配之后，我打算收集有关法国教堂的数据，以及当时法国的社会结构和政治格局的数据。1936年以来的法国人口普查数据是提供法国各市人口信息的一个相关数据来源。对具有相似特征但存活率不同的城市进行个案研究，有助于发现导致一些城市比其他城市更支持犹太人的社会机制。亚德瓦谢姆大屠杀研究中心提供了关于国际正义群体个人层面数据的宝贵来源。每个救援者的故事都记录在一本百科全书中，其中包含地理和社会经济数据以及有关救援具体情况的信息。我打算建立一个包括社会经济特征和地理信息的国际正义的数量数据库，以便对法国一般人口和救援者群体进行比较。我的研究的意义可能超越了纳粹统治下的法国正义的英雄主义，提供了一个社区层面的理论框架来解释个人和社会团体在压迫和迫害条件下实现的非凡行为。

In my DPhil project I combine social science and history, revealing the social and political factors that facilitate resistance to oppression and persecution and investigating the ways in which individuals' acts of altruism are structured by social institutions.The survival of Jews in France during the Holocaust serves as an historical example. Why did 75% of the Jews living in France between 1940 and 1944 manage to escape deportation? I focus on two distinct but interrelated topics: the decision of some altruistic individuals to risk their lives for protecting Jews, and the role of political and religious groups for explaining variance in the survival rates of Jews in different parts of France. In the context of explaining variation in survival rates of Jews under German occupation, Braun (2016) concentrates on the rescue of Jews in the Netherlands and Belgium showing that local minority churches played an important role in the rescue of Jews. He demonstrates that Jews in Catholic regions of the Netherlands were more likely to get rescued by Protestants and vice versa. I will focus on evaluating whether these hypotheses hold also true for France and if similar patterns of rescue actions can be observed in the case of political minority groups. A considerable amount of research focusses on the phenomenon of altruistic actions taken by some individuals at great expense or risk to themselves (Montroe 1991, Geras 1995). The State of Israel honours non-Jewish individuals who risked their lives for saving Jews from persecution during the Holocaust. Among those 26.000 Righteous Among the Nations, more than 4.000 Frenchmen have been awarded this distinction. There are only two quantitative studies on the Righteous in France (Hannoun 2005, Frenk 2008), which make use of basic descriptive statistics. I build on these studies by applying more advanced statistical techniques, by including census data and by taking the community level context into account. To assess hypotheses about variation in survival, I utilise existing datasets which are based on German registration lists providing detailed information about the addresses of all the Jews living in France in 1942 (see Braun 2019 for the same methodological approach). I retrieve the names of French Jews who got deported between 1942 and 1944 from French deportation lists, in order to identify the Jews who evaded the Nazis successfully. The registration lists contain information about the personal addresses of the Jews, which can be geocoded (Braun 2016). Having matched geographical information to the Jews who were deported and those who escaped, I intend to gather data about the churches in France, about the social structure and political landscape of France at the time. Census data of the French population from 1936 constitutes one relevant data source providing demographic information about French municipalities. Case by case studies of municipalities with similar characteristics but different survival rates help to detect the social mechanisms that are responsible for some municipalities to be more supportive of Jews than others. The Holocaust research centre of Yad Vashem provides a valuable source of individual level data on the Righteous Among the Nations. Each rescuer's story is documented in an encyclopaedia containing geographical and socio-economic data as well as information about the concrete situation of help. I intend to construct a quantitative database of the Righteous Among the Nations which incorporates socio-economic characteristics as well as geographical information, allowing for comparisons between the general French population and the group of rescuers.The implications of my research may go beyond the heroism of the Righteous in Nazi dominated France, offering a community level theoretical framework for explaining extraordinary actions of individuals and social groups that are realised under conditions of oppression and persecution.