Mutual Aid and International Agency: Building an Anarcho-communist theory of International Relations

国际关系理论中的一个主要问题是代理与结构的关系，以及这两个部分的构成。在这些辩论中，国家主义本体论占主导地位，国家被理解为行为者，结构是它们建立的约束它们的制度。这种世界观不仅倾向于强化我们对国际生活的标准本体论，而且还强化了随之而来的等级政治、命令和控制。后人类和后结构国际关系理论使我们注意到社会生活中的其他力量，批判历史社会学试图摆脱这些方法所采取的认识论和方法论的民族主义，很少有人像无政府主义者那样直接挑战这种世界观。无政府主义国际关系理论是当代国际关系的一个小而不小的主体。无政府主义国际关系理论质疑“本体论安全”的标准解释是如何加强代理和身份的固定概念的，强调了全球秩序的不可还原性，以及无政府主义者对无政府状态的解释如何帮助我们重新思考全球秩序的宪法框架。这些帐户往往提出一个无基础和流动形式的社会网络秩序，没有具体的制度或宪法形式的后中央集权集团的渴望。我的博士学位的目的是使用无政府主义者彼得克鲁泡特金的互助理论和革命共产主义发展现有的无政府主义和非无政府主义国际关系理论的集体机构在国际无政府状态。主要的焦点将是这种文学的中心主义和相对论性质。从克鲁泡特金的无政府主义理论的角度来理论化无政府主义和集体能动性，将极大地改变我们对全球秩序动态的理解，从人类到生态，而他的政治为我们提供了一个相对论网络的宪政政治选择。彼得·克鲁泡特金（Peter Kropotkin，1842-1921）是一位世界著名的地理学家，他的理论认为社会动物通过互助，发展出自己的社会（Kropotkin，1989）。人类社会是一系列的社会形式，并与这种社会秩序密切互动。亚当·戈德温（2010）是少数几个将这一举动理论化的国际关系理论家之一。另见Cudworth和Hobden（2010，2011，2013）。他提出，这些社会形成了被称为“复杂系统”的可观察的社会本体论，不可还原为它们的组成部分。对于克鲁泡特金来说，人类是这种社会中最发达和最成功的例子之一，但与其他物种共存。这种对人类的去中心化使一种类似于拉图尔的演员网络理论的社会本体论成为可能，最近从这种方法进入IR的尝试将在这方面起到重要的作用。本论文的目的将是发展一个规范的人类机构，把无政府主义的非统治概念的核心理论化的社会assemblages.The主要研究问题为这篇论文是：如何后人类社会本体论，彼得克鲁泡特金的工作，揭示了新的光的机构和结构的问题，在IR理论？这个问题分为三个子问题：--集体意向性对全球秩序理论化的限制是什么？--后人类社会本体论如何帮助我们重新构建新兴的社会秩序？-克鲁泡特金的无政府共产主义如何应对后人类全球秩序概念的规范性和制度性挑战？该项目将广泛利用定性和文本方法的密切上下文阅读和规范和理论的发展。将分析主要历史资料和次要文献。该项目直接涉及ESRC的三个战略重点：理解宏观经济，气候变化以及动荡时代的信任和全球治理。该项目将大大受益于埃克塞特大学在这一领域的专门知识。

One of the primary problems in IR theory is the relationship of agency to structure, and what constitutes both parts. A statist ontology prevails in these debates, where states are understood as actors, and structures are the institutions they build that constrain them. This view of the world tends to reinforce not only our standard ontology of international life, but also the politics of hierarchy and command and control that comes with it. While post-human and poststructural IR theory has drawn our attention to alternative forces in social life, and critical historical sociology has tried to move away from the epistemic and methodological nationalism these approaches take, few have challenged this world view as directly as the anarchists.Anarchist IR theory is a small but not inconsiderable body of contemporary IR. Anarchist IR theory has questioned the way in which standard accounts of 'ontological security' reinforce fixed notions of agency and identity, highlighted the irreducibility of global order, and how an anarchist account of anarchy can help us rethink the constitutional framework of global order. Each of these accounts tends to present a foundationless and fluid form of social network order, with no concrete institutional or constitutional form for post-statist groups to aspire to.The aim of my PhD will be to use the anarchist Peter Kropotkin's mutual-aid theory and revolutionary communism to develop existing anarchist and non-anarchist IR theory on collective agency in international anarchy. The primary focus will be the anthropocentric and relativistic nature of this literature. Theorising anarchy and collective agency from the standpoint of a Kropotkin's anarchisttheory will dramatically shift our understanding of the dynamics of global order from the human to the ecological, while his politics offers us a constitutional political alternative to relativistic networks. Peter Kropotkin (1842-1921), a world renowned geographer, theorised that social animals, through mutual aid, develop coherent societies themselves (Kropotkin, 1989). Human society is on a range of social forms, and interacts intimately with this social order.One of the few IR theorists to theorise this move is Adam Godwin (2010. See also Cudworth and Hobden 2010, 2011, 2013). He proposes that these societies form observable social ontologies called "complex systems", irreducible to their component parts. For Kropotkin, humans are amongst the most developed and successful examples of such societies, but coexist with other species. Thisdecentring of the human enables a form of social ontology akin to Latour's actor network theory, and recent forays into IR from this approach will act as an important foil in this regard. The aim of this thesis will be to develop a normative account of human agency that places the anarchist conception of non-domination at the heart of theorising social assemblages.The main research question for this thesis is: How does a post-human social ontology, informed by the work of Peter Kropotkin, shed new light on the problems of agency and structure in IR theory?This question is divided into three sub-questions:- What are the limitations of collective intentionality for theorising global order?- How does a post-human social ontology help us reframe emergent social order?- How does Kropotkin's anarcho-communism meet the normative and institutional challenges of a post-human conception of global order?The project will utilise broadly qualitative and textual methodologies of close contextual reading and normative and theoretical development. Both primary historical materials and secondary literatures will be analysed. This project speaks directly to three of the ESRC's strategic priorities: understanding the macroeconomy, climate change, and trust and global governance in a turbulent age. The project will benefit greatly from the cluster of expertise in this area at the University of Exeter.