The New Soviet Woman Between Factory and Home: Urban Domesticity, Gender and Production, 1921-1941.

这个项目延伸了我在1917年至1938年间在苏联撰写的关于堕胎和亲苏联政策的本科论文中追求的兴趣，调查了这一时期普通女性在苏联国家指导下作为母亲的角色的生活经历。我的论文考察了苏联政权试图重建一位年轻母亲的生活，这是国家利用苏联妇女以前未开发的劳动力来源的努力的一部分。此外，它还调查了国家试图重组和现代化女性的标准角色，以重塑她们的日常生活，以适应苏联式的共产主义实验。博士项目将同样反映国家在苏联妇女在家庭和社会经济角色中的日常生活方面的文化价值观和实际目标。在过去的18个月里，我的研究让我熟悉了这个主题的主要学术和主要来源，我对正在进行的苏联母亲的“双重负担”问题着迷，这个问题因国家在意识形态上全神贯注于人人平等和平等的责任而加剧，但实际上增加了对共产主义社会中妇女生产和生育角色的衡量，并增加了“双重负担”的麻烦。博士项目将专注于苏联早期对城市地区女性劳动力的态度和政策，以更准确地理解“双重负担”的起源，这将使该项目能够专注于规范变化的影响。关于城市妇女家庭生活和工作经历的政策和做法。“劳动”，或工作，作为一个概念在马克思主义中是基本的：劳动是价值的源泉，并决定一个人的社会身份和自我价值(Frayssé，2014)。然而，在新的布尔什维克国家，对于什么是“妇女工作”，也没有关于妇女劳动的真正价值，没有真正的共识。这反映了国家一级对妇女在国内以及在革命后社会的劳动力中的作用和价值的更深层次的焦虑和困惑。该项目将询问苏联官员、政治家、社会科学家和女权主义活动家如何理解女性劳动，她们的不同概念，以及她们如何评价女性对经济的贡献；对妇女在家庭和工业中的生产性活动的看法如何影响社会经济政策和实践；在拟议的数十年研究期间，妇女在工厂和家庭中的角色如何演变；以及妇女在工作生活中如何经历和谈判这些变化。最后，该项目将考虑妇女如何管理她们的时间；她们对性别不平等的看法；劳动的实际经验；以及妇女的工作、工资和她们的地位或自我意识之间的相互关系。在这个项目的广泛分析期间，论文可以探讨不同利益集团在20世纪25年代中期就妇女工作的性质和价值展开的辩论；工业化期间全面社会经济动员的影响；以及20世纪30年代末斯大林主义转向“保守”的态度和政策。这项研究将阐明俄罗斯和东欧地区研究中的重要主题，包括意识形态与经济生产的关系、性别认同和关系、公共生活和私人生活的交集以及女性的生活经历。然而，它也将有助于当今关于女性工作经历的讨论，特别是那些(以前或现在)由男性主导的工作场所，并有助于重新设计政策和做法，以促进家庭和工作生活中的性别平等。

The project extends upon my interests I pursued in my undergraduate dissertation on abortion and pronatalist policies between 1917 and 1938 in Soviet Russia, surveying the lived experience of ordinary women in this period regarding their roles as mothers under the direction of the Soviet state. My dissertation examined the Soviet regime's attempts to reconstruct the life of a young mother as part of the state's drive to utilise a previously untapped source of labour in Soviet women. Additionally, it surveyed the state's attempt to restructure and modernise the normative role of women in order to reshape their everyday lives to suit the Soviet-style communist experiment. The PhD project will similarly reflect the state's cultural values and practical objectives regarding the daily lives of Soviet women within their domestic and socioeconomic roles. My research over the past eighteen months acquainted me with the key scholarship and primary sources on the topic, I became fascinated by the ongoing issue of the 'double burden' of Soviet mothers, that had been exacerbated by a state ideologically preoccupied with equality and equal duties for all, but in fact increasing the measure of women's productive and reproductive roles within the communist society and multiplying the troubles of the 'double burden'.The PhD project will focus on early Soviet attitudes and policies towards female labour in urban areas to understand more precisely the origins of the 'double burden', this will enable the project to focus on the impact of changing norms, policies and practices on urban women's experiences of domestic life and work. 'Labour', or work, as a concept is fundamental in Marxism: labour is a source of value and determines an individual's social identity and self-worth (Frayssé, 2014). However, in the new Bolshevik state there was no real consensus on what constituted 'women's work', nor on the true value of female labour. This reflected the deeper state-level anxieties and confusions on the role and value of women domestically and in the labour force within a post-revolutionary society. The project will ask how Soviet officials, politicians, social scientists and feminist activists understood female labour, their varying conceptions and how they evaluated the female contribution to the economy; how perceptions of women's productive activities in the home and industry informed socioeconomic policy and practice; how women's roles in the factory and home evolved during the proposed decades of study; and how women experienced and negotiated these changes in their working lives. Lastly, the project will consider the ways in which women managed their time; their perceptions of gender inequality; the physical experience of labour; and interrelations between women's work, wages and their sense of status or self. The broad period of analysis in this project allows for the thesis to explore the debates on the nature and value of women's work among diverse interest groups in the mid-twenties; the impact of total socioeconomic mobilisation during industrialisation; and the Stalinist shift to 'conservative' attitudes and policies in the late 1930s. This research will elucidate on vital themes in Russian and East European Area Studies, including the relationship between ideology and economic production, gender identities and relations, intersections between 'public' and 'private' life and the lived experiences of women. However, it will also contribute to the present-day discourse on the female experience of the workplace, especially those dominated (previously or presently) by men, and the redesigning of policies and practices to promote gender equality in domestic and work life.