A Multi-Method Investigation of Infant Emotion

描述（由申请人提供）：强烈的情感表达-两者 积极和消极-表征言语前沟通，影响 与照顾者的互动和后来的发展。 多种方法将 用于评估情绪强度是否由面部标记指示， 发生在积极的（微笑）和消极的（哭泣）面部表情。 这些假设的强度标记是更强的唇角动作， 眼睛周围的脸颊抬起，嘴巴张开。 一百零六 四个月奥尔兹参与了一个标准化的录像协议-- 面对面/静态面对面协议（FFSFP）-可靠地提供广泛的 积极和消极的面部表情。 微笑的持续时间， 哭泣的脸，做和不涉及每一个三个假设的强度， 标记将从婴儿的特写录像图像中可靠地编码， 面部使用基于解剖学的编码干（FACS/BabyFACS）。 面部 预期强度标记在微笑期间同时出现， 在哭泣时，内部有效性的指标。产前暴露于 处于非最佳情绪调节风险的可卡因患者（n=47） 假设用较少数量的强度标记来显示微笑， 有更多标记的哭脸。 微笑和哭泣的面孔， 预计会有更多数量的假设强度标记，分别， 在更多的积极和消极事件的FFSFP。 微笑和哭泣的脸 假设强度标记物数量越多， 与情感一致的发声和更快的心跳同时发生 与标记较少的表达式相比， 天真的观察者被假设为 将涉及更高数量强度标记的微笑和哭泣脸评级为， 分别比表达更积极和更消极 更少的标记。 总之，经验验证的强度标记物， 早期积极和消极的情绪表达将被记录下来， 调查是否涉及大量重叠的表达式 标记出现在情感上适当的情况下， 在更多和更少的风险婴儿中的情感强度的其他指数，以及 通过确定这些表达是否被本地观察者感知为 情绪特别强烈的。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Intense emotional expressions - both positive and negative - characterize preverbal communication, influencing interaction with caregivers and later development. Multiple methods will be used to assess whether emotional intensity is indexed by facial markers that occur during both positive (smile) and negative (cry-face) facial expressions. These hypothesized intensity markers are stronger lip corner actions, the raising of the cheeks around the eyes, and mouth opening. One hundred and six four-month-olds have engaged in a standardized videotaped protocol - the face-to-face/still-face protocol (FFSFP) - that reliably elicits a wide range of positive and negative facial expressions. The duration of smiles and cry-faces that do and do not involve each of the three hypothesized intensity markers will be reliably coded from close-up videotaped images of the infants' faces using an anatomically-based coding stem (FACS/BabyFACS). The facial intensity markers are expected to occur simultaneously during smiles and during cry-faces, an index of internal validity. Infants prenatally exposed to cocaine who are at risk for non-optimal emotion regulation (n=47) are hypothesized to show smiles with a smaller number of intensity markers and cry-faces with a greater number of markers. Smiles and cry-faces involving a greater number of hypothesized intensity markers are expected, respectively, during more positive and negative episodes of the FFSFP. Smiles and cry-faces with higher numbers of intensity markers are hypothesized to be more likely to co-occur with affectively concordant vocalizations and with more rapid heart rate than expressions with fewer markers. Naive observers are hypothesized to rate smiles and cry-faces involving a higher number of intensity markers as, respectively, more emotionally positive and more negative than expressions with fewer markers. In sum, empirically validated markers of the intensity of early positive and negative emotional expression will be documented by investigating whether expressions involving a greater number of overlapping markers occur during affectively appropriate situations in conjunction with other indices of affective intensity among more and less at-risk infants, and by determining whether these expressions are perceived by native observers as being especially emotionally intense.