A Multilevel Study of Young Children's Emotional Health

该提案旨在研究个人、家庭和社区对幼儿攻击性、注意力和焦虑（心理健康）的影响。这些关联是利用芝加哥社区人类发展项目（PHDCN）的数据来探索的，PHDCN是一项多层次研究，其中从80个芝加哥社区中随机选择家庭，按种族/民族（7类，包括同质和异质构成）和社会地位（高、中、低）分层，以代表生活在芝加哥广泛社区中的家庭（N=2269, 16%的欧洲人，35%的非洲人，43%的拉丁美洲人）。在这项研究中，三波数据将被用于两组儿童，第一次是在他们6个月大的时候，在3岁和5岁的时候（0组），第二次是在3岁的时候，在5岁和76岁的时候（3组）。在3岁和5岁的时候，在3岁和5岁的时候，在3岁、5岁和7岁的时候，测量了三种情绪问题——攻击性、焦虑和注意力困难。此外，在6个月和5岁时收集了0组的调节措施（满足延迟、运动控制和持续注意）。邻里特征（收入、贫困、种族/民族构成、就业和居住稳定性）和进程（规范和集体效能、制度资源、联系和关系）在第一次浪潮之前和第三次浪潮时进行了评估。在同一时间点收集的2个邻域观测结果中更接近的“微邻域”过程也将被编码。有趣的特征（收入、单亲、种族/民族、父母就业和动荡）和过程（暴力、冲突和侵略、父母的温暖/严厉、父母的心理健康、发展刺激、日常生活和联系）在所有三个波中都被测量。评估的儿童特征包括性别、新生儿健康和性情。该项目将解决5个主要问题：(a)个人、家庭和邻里特征是否与幼儿的情绪健康有关？(B)家庭过程是否介导或调节个人、家庭和邻里特征与幼儿情绪健康之间的关联？(c)幼儿“微观”邻里环境的显著特点是什么？这些和其他邻里过程是否调解或缓和了个人、家庭和邻里特征与幼儿情绪健康之间的联系？(D)在以家庭为基础的环境中，从一个大的、城市的、多样化的样本中抽取的学龄前儿童的自我调节的分布是什么？这种分布是否因儿童、家庭和邻居的影响以及学龄前儿童的情绪健康而异？总之，这项调查是一个独特的机会来解决邻里在幼儿及其家庭生活中的作用，同时使用最先进的方法来衡量邻里过程以及幼儿的行为。预期本研究的结果将解决旨在改善幼儿心理健康的干预计划的潜在目标。

This proposal is designed to examine individual, family and neighborhood influences on young children's aggression, attention, and anxiety (mental health). These associations are explored using data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN), a multi-level study in which households were randomly selected from 80 Chicago neighborhoods stratified by race/ethnicity (7 categories including homogenous and heterogenous make-ups( and SES (high, medium, & low) to be representative of families living in a wide range of Chicago neighborhoods (N=2269, 16% European Americans, 35% African American, & 43% Latinos). For this proposal, 3 waves of data will be used for 2 cohorts of children, the first seen when they were 6 months and again at ages 3 and 5 (0 cohort), and the second seen at 3 years and again at ages 5 and 76 (3 cohort) Three types of emotional problems- aggression, anxiety and attentional difficulties-were measured when the 0 cohort was ages 3 and 5 and the 3 cohort was ages 3, 5, and 7. In addition, regulation measures (delay of gratification, motor control, and sustained attention) were collected for the 0 cohort at 6 months and 5 years. Neighborhood characteristics (income, poverty, racial/ethnic composition, employment, & residential stability) and processes (norms and collective efficacy, institutional resources, & ties and relationships were assessed just before wave 1 and at the time of wave 3. More proximal "micro-neighborhood" processes from 2 observations of neighborhoods collected at these same time points also will be coded. Funny characteristics (income, single- parenthood, race/ethnicity, parental employment, and turbulence) and processes (violence, conflict, and aggression, parental warmth/harshness, parental mental health, developmental stimulation, & routines & connectedness) were measured at all 3 waves. Child characteristics assessed include gender, neonatal health, and temperament. This project will address 5 primary questions: (a) Are individual, family, and neighborhood characteristics associated with young children's emotional health? (B) Do family processes mediate or moderate associations among individual, family, and neighborhood characteristics and young children's emotional health? (c) What are the salient features of "micro" neighborhood contexts of young children? Do these and other neighborhood processes mediate or moderate associations among individual, family, and neighborhood characteristics and young children's emotional health? (D) What is the distribution of self- regulation among preschool children drawn from a large, urban, and diverse sample interviewed in home-based settings? Does this distribution vary by child, family, and neighborhood influences and preschool children's emotional health? In sum, this investigation is a unique opportunity to address the role of neighborhoods in the lives of young children and their families, while using state-of-the-art methodologies to measure neighborhood processes as well as young children's behavior. It is expected that results from this study will address potential targets of intervention for programs aimed at improving young children's mental health.