Maternal Substance Use and Toddler Self-Regulation

描述(申请人提供)：这项纵向研究的目的是 调查母体物质使用的影响(以可卡因为 首选主要药物)和相关风险因素对幼儿自我调节的影响。 幼儿时期的自我调节是由冲动的出现来定义的 控制、遵守指令和行为规则的内部化。 幼儿在这些方面的功能失调可能是第一个 在这一组中朝着监管问题增加的轨道迈进一步 儿童(如行为问题、品行障碍)。这项研究是由一个 发展精神病理学的框架和发展的先验模式 物质的孩子利用母亲。在这一框架中，孕产妇的影响 可卡因对蹒跚学步儿童的自我调节可能通过几种途径发生。这个 首先是产前接触可卡因对人类健康的直接影响 监管流程。第二个潜在途径是母体的影响 可卡因的使用对生长发育的影响，进而影响婴儿的反应能力 和监管，以及幼儿的自我监管。第三条途径可能是直通 可卡因使用对母婴互动质量的影响一个 第四条途径可能是母亲使用可卡因对生活质量的影响 护理环境，定义为暴露于暴力、护理中的不稳定 施舍和母性精神变态。或者，这些风险因素可能 缓和母亲使用可卡因对监管的影响。 该协议涉及在出生时从当地两个人那里招募母婴双胞胎 地区医院。最终的样本将包括120名产前接触过的婴儿。 可卡因和其他物质(酒精、尼古丁和/或大麻)，以及120 未接触的婴儿(未接触任何非法物质或大量 酒精和尼古丁)。生理学评估(心脏光谱分析 速度和迷走神经紧张度)和行为反应和调节 在婴儿1个月、7个月和13个月时。幼儿自我调节能力的评估 (冲动控制、合规和内部化)将在24点进行 几个月大的孩子。此外，母婴互动和照顾 环境(遭受暴力、护理不稳定和产妇 精神病理学)将在每个年龄进行评估。这项研究将提供 关于接触可卡因对人体的潜在致畸作用的信息 从发展轨迹到监管问题。它还将允许 检查可能导致失调的途径并增加我们的 了解可能缓和监管的风险和保护因素 结果。这些知识可能会对预防产生重大影响 旨在改善儿童中的管理混乱的计划 使用可卡因的母亲。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The purpose of this longitudinal study is to .investigate the impact of maternal substance use (with cocaine as the primary drug of choice) and associated risk factors on toddler self-regulation. Self-regulation in the toddler period is defined by the emergence of impulse control, compliance to directives, and internalization of rules of conduct. Dysregulation in these aspects of toddler functioning may serve as the first step in the trajectory toward increasing regulatory problems in this group of children (e.g. behavior problems, conduct disorder). The study is guided by a developmental psychopathology framework and prior models of development among children of substance using mothers. In this framework, the impact of maternal cocaine use on toddler self-regulation may occur through several pathways. The first is the direct, teratological impact of prenatal cocaine exposure on regulatory processes. The second potential pathway is the impact of maternal cocaine use on growth outcomes, and these in turn influencing infant reactivity and regulation, and toddler self-regulation. A third pathway may be the through the influence of cocaine use on the quality of mother-infant interactionG. A fourth pathway may be the impact of maternal cocaine use on the quality of the care giving environment, defined as exposure to violence, instability in care giving, and maternal psychopathology. Alternatively, these risk factors may moderate the impact of maternal cocaine use on regulation. The protocol involves recruiting mother-infant dyads at birth from two local area hospitals. The final sample will consist of 120 infants prenatally exposed to cocaine and other substances (alcohol, nicotine, and/or marijuana), and 120 non-exposed infants (exposed to no illicit substances or large amounts of alcohol and nicotine). Assessments of physiological (spectral analysis of heart rate and vagal tone) and behavioral reactivity and regulation will be conducted at 1, 7, and 13 months of infant age. Assessments of toddler self-regulation (impulse control, compliance, and internalization) will be conducted at 24 months of age. In addition, mother-infant interactions and the caregiving environment (exposure to violence, care giving instability, and maternal psychopathology) will be assessed at each age. The study will provide information about potential teratogenic effects of cocaine exposure on developmental trajectories to regulatory problems. It will also allow an examination of potential pathways to dysregulation and increase our understanding of risk and protective factors that may moderate regulatory outcomes. Such knowledge may have significant implications for prevention programs designed to ameliorate regulatory disturbances among children of cocaine using mothers.