Gender wage gap

无论是在学术文献中还是在更广泛的社会话语中，性别工资差距都是一个众所周知的现象。就业领域的这种不平等被证明在一生中积累成男女之间更大的经济差异(终生收入、养老金收入)。文献中提出这一点的原因有很多。其中最主要的是与生育有关的职业中断或随之而来的就业需求，以及母亲在育儿和育儿期间的偏好，导致母亲的工资低于没有子女的妇女(即“母亲惩罚”)，而父亲的经济结果则出现相反的增长(即“父亲津贴”)。然而，如果单独评估母亲的惩罚或父亲的保险费，从而只考虑性别内的不平等，现有的文献有可能低估了性别不平等的程度。出于同样的原因，重要的是要考虑不同的人生阶段，因为这些父母的差距很可能在父母一生的不同阶段有所不同。我的研究旨在通过考虑家庭特征、规范和政策如何有助于塑造父母在各自一生中的不平等职业轨迹并导致老年不平等来缩小这一差距。

The gender wage gap is a well-known phenomenon, both in the academic literature and in the broader social discourse. Such inequalities in the employment sphere are shown to accumulate over a lifetime into even larger economic differences between women and men (lifetime earnings, pension income). There are many reasons for this put forth by the literature. Chief among them are the birth-related career interruptions or consequent employment needs andpreferences of mothers during child-bearing and -rearing years which result in mothers receiving lower wages compared to childless women (i.e. "motherhood penalty"), whereas an opposing increase in economic outcomes for fathers emerges (i.e. "fatherhood premium"). However, assessing the motherhood penalty or the fatherhood premium independently and thereby considering only within-gender inequality, the existing literature risks underestimating the extent of gender inequalities. For the same reason it is important to consider different life course stages, as these parenthood gaps are likely to vary between different points in parents' lifetime. My research aims to close this gap by considering how family characteristics, norms and policies contribute to shaping unequal occupational trajectories for mothers and fathers over their respective lifetimes and result in inequalities in old-age.