Concrete Morals: Spaces of female street prostitution in the port city; A relational study of Kingston-upon-Hull and Rotterdam, 1880s-2010s

本研究考察了1880 -2020年英国船体河畔金斯顿和荷兰鹿特丹的女性街头卖淫空间，从城市动态、地缘政治和弹性等方面探讨了研究问题。女性街头卖淫的空间和地点变化是如何被不同的场所结构所“塑造”的，即，基础设施、环境、政策和社会文化互动？二.同时，街头卖淫妇女如何影响城市治理、治安、规划和设计？三.通过共同的地理和社会文化历史，船体上的金斯顿和鹿特丹的关系研究告诉我们什么关于“道德空间”的生产和再生产？街头卖淫妇女是城市的一个重要方面，她们通过地点的变化表现出复原力;也就是说，由于城市、社会和法律的“不容忍”，她们从一个“地点”迁移到另一个“地点”，而这种“不容忍”是以道德观念为基础的（Hubbard，1999年）。在研究位置的变化，其目的是分析生产和再生产的“道德空间”，通过一个组合的透镜的边缘化。被边缘化的机构[参与“能见度”和“堕落的妇女”的概念（桑德斯等人，2013）]，在边缘化的空间[即，红灯区被理解为堕落的内涵（Hubbard，1998）]，在边缘化的地方[即，"结构上处于不利地位的“港口城市（Wurzel等人，2019年），）其“特别复杂的社会单位”（吉莱特和麦克马洪，1980）]。船体和鹿特丹的关系研究[与集合城市主义理论结合（McFarlane，2011年）]允许分析道德，这些城市的文化和政治经济，以进一步理解城市和人类地理中的地方在边缘化和道德“规范”的再现。正如现有文献所假设的，我们对“卖淫区”的理解不断发展，在对地点变化的研究中，可以告诉我们更多关于城市生活的整体发展（Ashworth等人，1988年）。总之，这项研究的目的是产生一个跨学科的研究“道德/不道德的空间”，从事社会学，犯罪学，城市和法律的观点。质的研究方法包括档案研究法、照片启发法和步行法。这是为了在将分析章节分解为四个重要时代（维多利亚晚期、战争、战后重建、当代景观）时考虑到历史和当代的目光，从而能够讨论城市变化的比较时刻。在探索通过性工作的“变化”时，考虑到敏感的话题，伦理考虑是至关重要的。研究将利用船体（灯塔项目）和人道卖淫社会工作（鹿特丹）的社区外展活动，提供一个安全的空间，在性工作者、前性工作者、警察和外展工作者签署同意书后与他们交谈。此外，步行采访所有同意的参与者（即，城市文化志愿者，居民）作为一种手段，以“展示城市”从事不同的经验，城市生活。在历史背景下，通过档案研究（叙事和视觉数据）参与城市叙事的目的是与当今对话进行交流;回顾过去以了解现在。值得注意的是，“妓女”一词被认为是道德问题，因为它是一个法律的术语，带有越轨的含义，是一个将妓女与所有女性分开的意识形态标签（Sanders et al.，2013年）。本研究仅使用“妓女”和“卖淫”这两个术语，以保持与历史背景的连续性。对从事性工作者的尊严和尊重是本研究的重中之重;使用了缩略语（没有图像）。

This research examines spaces of female street prostitution in Kingston-upon-Hull (UK) and Rotterdam (Netherlands),1880-2020, looking at urban dynamics, geopolitics, and resilience to address the research questions;i. How are spaces of female street prostitution and locational change 'shaped' by diverse structures of place, i.e., infrastructure, environment, policy and socio-cultural interaction?ii. Simultaneously, how does female street prostitution impact on urban governance, policing, planning and design?iii. Through shared geographical and socio-cultural histories, what does relational study of Kingston-upon-Hull and Rotterdam tell us about the production and reproduction of 'moral space'?Female street prostitution is a significant aspect of the urban scene, demonstrating resilience through locational change; that is, displacement from one 'site' to another in response to urban, social and legal 'intolerance' underpinned by notions of morality (Hubbard,1999). In examining locational change, the objective is to analyse the production and reproduction of 'moral space'through a combined lens of marginalisation. The marginalised body [engaging with notions of 'visibility' and 'fallen women' (Sanders et al.,2013)], in marginalised space [i.e., red light areas being understood by connotations of depravity (Hubbard,1998)], in marginalised place [i.e., the 'structurally disadvantaged' port city (Wurzel et al.,2019),) with its 'particularly complex social unit' (Gillett and McMahon,1980)].Relational study of Hull and Rotterdam [engaging with assemblage urbanism theory (McFarlane,2011)] permits analysis of interplay between moral, cultural and political economies in these cities to produce further understanding of the significance of place within urban and human geographies in the experience of marginalisation and the reproduction of moral 'norms'. As existing literature posits, our understanding of 'areas of prostitution' continually evolves, and within that examination of locational change can tell us more about the overall development of urban life (Ashworth et al.,1988).In summary, this research aims to produce an interdisciplinary study of 'moral/immoral space', engaging with sociological, criminological, urban and legal perspectives. Qualitative research methods include archival study, photo-elicitation and walking methods. This is to allow for historical and contemporary gaze in breaking analytical chapters down into four significant era [Late-Victorian, War, Post-War Redevelopment, Contemporary Landscapes] enabling discussion of comparative moments of urban change.In exploring 'change' through sex work, the ethical considerations are of key importance given the sensitive topic. Research will draw on community outreach in Hull (Lighthouse Project) and Humanitas Prostitution Social Work (Rotterdam) to provide a safe space to talk with sex workers, former sex workers, police and outreach workers upon their signed consent. Further, walking interviews with all consenting participants (i.e., City of Culture volunteers, residents) as a means to 'show the city' engages with different experiences of urban life. In historical context, engaging with city narratives through archival research (narrative and visual data) is with the aim of communicating with present-day dialogue; looking to the past in order to understand thepresent.Notably, the term 'prostitute' is considered ethically problematic as it is a legal term carrying connotations of deviance and an ideological label separating prostitute-women from all women (Sanders et al.,2013). This research only uses the terms 'prostitute' and 'prostitution' for continuity in engaging with historical context. The dignity and respect of those involved in sex work is of upmost importance to this study; pseudonyms (and no images) are used.