The Constitutional Protection of Property: How is Respect for Property Rights Reconciled with Conflicting Fundamental Rights of Non-owners?

在许多司法管辖区和《欧洲人权公约》中，尊重财产作为一项基本权利或宪法权利受到保护。本研究旨在通过财产权与非所有者的基本权利之间的冲突来理解受宪法保护的尊重财产权的性质。这方面的例子包括，当房东试图占有房客作为住所的财产时，房客的私人和家庭生活受到尊重的权利；当土地所有者将政治抗议者驱逐出其土地时，房客享有言论自由的权利；当土地所有者以歧视性方式行使其任意排斥或自由转让权力时，房客享有平等待遇的权利。根据英国法院和欧洲人权法院的判例法，我将研究法院如何解决此类冲突，这揭示了被捍卫的财产概念，以及其辩护的基本理由。关键问题包括法院如何将财产的实质视为一项明显的宪法权利，以及这与私法概念所特有的一系列权利有何关系；法院是否将业主和非业主之间的纠纷视为揭示了需要某种形式的比例分析或平衡的真正权利冲突，或者他们是否采取“定义”方法来平衡，即通过财产规则的边界在概念层面上划定非财产权利的范围，反之亦然；法院如何理解为财产提供宪法保护的原因，以及这与支撑相互竞争的基本权利的价值观之间的关系。回答这些问题将需要考虑更广泛的理论辩论，涉及权利冲突的性质和可能性，比例分析在宪法裁决中的作用，以及权利的基本理由。

Respect for property enjoys protection as a fundamental or constitutional right in numerous jurisdictions and under the ECHR. This research will aim to understand the nature of a constitutionally protected right to respect for property through the lens of conflicts between property rights and the fundamental rights of non-owners. Examples include tenants' rights to respect for their private and family life where a landlord seeks possession of a property they occupy as a home, rights to freedom of expression where a landowner ejects political protestors from their land, or the right to equal treatment where a landowner exercises their powers of arbitrary exclusion or free alienation in a discriminatory manner.Drawing on the caselaw of UK courts and the ECtHR, I will examine how courts approach the resolution of such conflicts, what this reveals about the concept of property that is being defended, and the underlying justification for its defence. Key questions include how courts conceive of the substance of property as a distinctly constitutional right and how this relates to the bundle of entitlements which characterises the private law concept; whether courts treat disputes between owners and non-owners as revealing a genuine conflict of rights requiring some form of proportionality analysis or balancing, or whether they take a 'definitional' approach to balancing whereby the scope of non-property rights are delineated at the conceptual level by the boundaries of property rules or vice versa; how courts conceive of the reasons for affording constitutional protection to property and how this relates to the values underpinning competing fundamental rights. Answering these questions will entail consideration of broader theoretical debates concerning the nature and possibility of rights conflicts, the role of proportionality analysis in constitutional adjudication, and the underlying justifications of rights.