Intergenerational Study of Verb Agreement Development in Kufr Qassem Sign Language

拟议的研究将调查动词一致作为Kufr Qassem手语（KQSL）中的一个形态复杂系统，KQSL是一种严重未被研究的年轻手语，大约100年前出现在以色列的一个小社区（Kastner et. al., 2014）。动词一致系统是手语中形态复杂性的一个典型例子，因为它们具有空间形态，这是手语由于其视觉空间形态而特有的一种形态。空间形态表现为利用手语者面前的物理空间来产生语言（Aronoff, et al., 2005）。在手语中，同意动词在手语空间中参数的预定位置之间移动（Meier, 1982; Meir et al., 2006; Padden, 1988）。此外，研究还发现了在新兴和年轻的手语中存在协议系统的证据（Kegl等人，1999;Senghas, 2000； Senghas等人，1997），而不像年轻的口语，如克里奥尔语（Aronoff等人，2005）。在异质较大的社区中出现的手语通常更成熟，被认为是该地区的国家手语。其他手语，被称为村庄手语，出现在同质的较小社区（Meir et al., 2010）。虽然已有多项研究调查了既定手语中的动词一致性（如de Beuzeville等人，2009；Fenlon等人，2018;Meir, 2012），但对乡村手语中动词一致性的深入研究却很少。乡村手语的特点是不同的社会动态，人口和社会不同的新兴过程，这两者都影响了语言，导致了独特的语法类型和词汇（de Vos & Pfau, 2015），包括动词一致系统（Aronoff et al., 2004; Zeshan, 2006）。

The proposed research will investigate verb agreement as a morphologically complex system in Kufr Qassem Sign Language (KQSL), a severely under-studied young sign language which emerged around a 100 years ago in a small community in Israel (Kastner et. al., 2014).Verb agreement systems are a classic example of morphological complexity in sign languages, in that they feature spatial morphology, a type of morphology unique to sign languages due to their visualspatial modality. Spatial morphology is manifested in using the physical space in front of the signer to produce the language (Aronoff, et al., 2005). In sign languages, agreeing verbs move between predetermined location(s) of the argument(s) in the signing space (Meier, 1982; Meir et al., 2006; Padden, 1988). Additionally, studies have found evidence of agreement systems found in emerging and young sign languages (Kegl et al., 1999; Senghas, 2000; Senghas et al., 1997), unlike young spoken languages such as creoles (Aronoff, et. al., 2005).Sign languages that emerge in heterogenous larger communities are usually more established and considered the national sign languages in the region. Other sign languages, known as village sign languages, emerge in homogenous smaller communities (Meir et al., 2010). While multiple studies have investigated verb agreement in established sign (e.g. de Beuzeville et al., 2009; Fenlon et al., 2018; Meir, 2012) , in-depth studies on verb agreement in village sign languages are scarce. Village sign languages are characterized by different social dynamics, and demographically and socially different emerging process, both of which have influenced the language and led to unique grammatical typologies and lexicons (de Vos & Pfau, 2015), including verb agreement systems (Aronoff et al., 2004; Zeshan, 2006).