Rural Super-Gentrification: An Investigation of Social Change Within Rural England

农村中产阶级化出现于20世纪70年代末和80年代初，菲利普斯（1993）在农村中产阶级化研究方面处于领先地位。随后的研究在一系列农村环境中发现了中产阶级化，包括偏远的舒适区，可到达的城乡边缘地区，以及多种形式：农业中产阶级化，荒野中产阶级化和农村边缘中产阶级化。斯托克代尔（2010）、史密斯和菲利普斯（2018）、史密斯等人（2019）和菲利普斯等人（2020）的研究已经确定了英国农村地区的超级高档化案例，特别是苏格兰的克利夫和英格兰赫特福德郡的特温。超级士绅化是指通过经济资本水平极高的人的迁入，将先前的士绅化、繁荣的社区转变为进一步的排他性和昂贵的飞地（Butler和Lees, 2006; Lees, 2003）。这就动员了对已经高档化地区的房产投资，其数量高于早期的高档化地区，在重建形式及其对当地的影响方面，其质量也有所不同，早期的高档化地区在流离失所者中占有重要地位（Phillips等人，2020;2021）。此外，关于超级士绅化的研究不同程度地强调了经济资本和工人的全球化流动、金融化、职业变化、客观化和制度性文化资本以及邻里社会关系和身份转变的重要性（Butler和Lees, 2006; Lees, 2003； Phillips和Smith， 2018）。尽管提到了农村超级高档化，但自Lees（2003）创造这个术语以来，在超级高档化研究中，一个明显的城市偏见仍然是“世界城市”的重点。相比之下，农村背景下的超级中产阶级化很少受到关注，参考文献包括将评论作为对农村中产阶级化及其与其他社会过程——就地老龄化（Smith et al., 2019）和流离失所（Phillips et al., 2020; 2021）之间关系的更广泛研究的一部分。也有关于“新农村士绅”和“新乡绅阶层”的研究（Heley, 2010; Woods, 2005）；然而，这些研究在很大程度上是与中产阶级化研究隔绝的，也没有提到超级中产阶级化。尽管缺乏对农村超级中产阶级化的研究，但Bernt（2018）和Phillips and Smith（2018）说明了城市和农村中产阶级化的相互联系性质，因此农村中产阶级化研究的相关性。此外，2019冠状病毒病凸显了超级富豪从大都市中心向农村地区的迁移，Smith等人（2021）认为，这将加剧农村高档化进程，并导致农村地区变得越来越排外。因此，本研究旨在通过调查对比鲜明的农村地区的社会变化，将资本/资产“生产侧”方法与消费和文化认同的理论结合起来，探索农村超级士绅化的出现，并推进对农村超级士绅化的更深入、更细致的理解。本研究还将确定和检查不同农村地区的超级中产阶级化过程和动因。此外，本研究还将评估农村超级士绅化导致的流离失所程度，发生的流离失所形式以及受其影响的人和事物。

Rural gentrification emerged during the late 1970s and early 1980s, and Phillips (1993) has led the way regarding rural gentrification research. Subsequent studies have discerned gentrification in an array of rural contexts, encompassing remote amenity areas, accessible rural-urban fringe locations, and a plethora of forms: agricultural gentrification, wilderness gentrification and rural marginal gentrification. Studies by Stockdale (2010), Smith and Phillips (2018), Smith et al. (2019) and Phillips et al. (2020) have identified cases of super-gentrification within rural locations in the UK, specifically Crieff in Scotland and Tewin, Hertfordshire, England. Super-gentrification entails the transformation of a previously gentrified, prosperous neighbourhood into further exclusive and expensive enclaves through an in-migration of people with exceptionally high levels of economic capital (Butler and Lees, 2006; Lees, 2003). This mobilises an investment in properties within already gentrified areas in ways which are quantitively higher than that of earlier gentrifiers, and qualitatively distinct regarding forms of rebuilding undertaken and its implications on the locality, with earlier gentrifiers featuring amongst those who are displaced (Phillips et al., 2020; 2021). Moreover, studies of super-gentrification have variously accentuated the significance of globalised flows of economic capital and workers, financialisation, occupational change, objectified and institutional cultural capital, and transformations in neighbourhood social relations and identities (Butler and Lees, 2006; Lees, 2003; Phillips and Smith, 2018).Despite references to rural super-gentrification, a clear urban bias remains within super-gentrification research with a 'world cities' emphasis since Lees' (2003) coining of the term. In comparison, super-gentrification in rural contexts has received little attention, with references made comprising of passing comments as part of wider studies of rural gentrification and its relations to other social processes- ageing in place (Smith et al., 2019) and displacement (Phillips et al., 2020; 2021). There have also been studies of a 'New Rural Gentry' and 'New Squirearchy' (Heley, 2010; Woods, 2005); however, these have advanced largely in isolation from gentrification studies and with no reference to super-gentrification. Notwithstanding a paucity of rural super-gentrification research, Bernt (2018) and Phillips and Smith (2018) illustrate the interconnected nature of urban and rural gentrification, henceforth the relevance of rural gentrification research. Moreover, COVID-19 has highlighted a super-rich in-migration to rural areas away from metropolitan centres, what Smith et al. (2021) contend will exacerbate processes of rural gentrification and result in rural areas becoming increasingly exclusive.This research therefore aims to explore the emergence, and to advance a deeper and more nuanced understanding of rural super-gentrification through investigating social change within contrasting rural areas drawing together capital/asset 'production-side' approaches and theorisations of consumption and cultural identity. This research will also determine and examine the processes and agents of super-gentrification within contrasting rural areas. Moreover, this research will evaluate the extent to which displacement occurs as a consequence of rural super-gentrification, what forms of displacement occur and who and what is impacted by this.