The European Union in the Global Refugee Regime: A Political Economic Approach to the Humanitarian-Development Nexus

本项目审查欧洲联盟(欧盟)在促进全球难民制度中援助和流离失所管理的新技术方面的作用。它研究了欧盟如何帮助将“Nexus模式”纳入主流--该模式呼吁加强人道主义援助和发展援助之间的一致性--作为其应对所谓叙利亚难民危机的一部分。在这样做的过程中，我探讨了联结模式在多个利益相关者的环境中被用于引导和促进欧盟的政治和经济利益的程度和过程。我将约旦和黎巴嫩作为两个初始案例，使用话语分析和过程追踪来解释定性数据。该项目通过强调欧盟在推动当代政策发展方面发挥的关键作用，同时展示了欧盟与其他关键利益攸关方的互动如何影响欧盟的参与，从而有助于提高国际政治经济学的学术水平，并对人道主义-发展关系的难民问题进行关键的研究。通过将纽带模式置于一个关键的政治经济框架中，我认为，我们可以更好地理解这种方法服务于更广泛的利益，以及它如何具体影响难民受益者。16研究项目提案在超过四分之三(约1,570万)的全球难民人口处于旷日持久的情况下(难民署，2019年)，纽带模式已被框定为管理流离失所的关键战略。在“将救济、恢复和发展联系起来”等以往模式的基础上，纽带模式可以被定义为试图通过公共、私营和第三部门行为者的共同参与来“加强人道主义和发展行动的协作、一致性和互补性”(经合组织-发援会2020，6)。从理论上讲，联结模式被框定为难民危机的“双赢”解决方案，承诺不仅支持难民，还支持东道国政府、私营部门和扩大的国际社会(Soederberg和Tawakkul 2020)。然而，在实践中，学者们注意到了不同的好处，一些人--比如捐赠者和私人参与者--获得了比其他人更高的回报--比如难民(Burlin 2019；Zetter 2019；Anolt and Sinatti 2018；Arar2017)。IPE奖学金的见解可以帮助解释Nexus模型的分层契约。正如持批评态度的政治经济学家所主张的那样，国际援助的分配不应仅仅被解释为对人道主义和发展需要的回应，而且--有些人会说更重要的是--地缘政治和经济利益(例如，贝梅奥2017年；麦克莱恩2014年；伦德斯加德、布鲁尼格和普拉卡什2010年；基尔比2009年)。在这方面，以往关于人道主义与发展关系的研究强调了欧盟在促进设计和实施联系模式方面的重要作用，特别是在强迫流离失所的情况下(Burlin 2019；Anholt和Sinatti 2018年)。欧盟对纽带办法的参与有多种形式，包括通过2016年欧盟-约旦契约、2016年欧盟-黎巴嫩契约和2018年埃塞俄比亚就业契约等政策框架，以及通过制定应对叙利亚危机的欧盟区域信托基金和欧盟非洲紧急信托基金等金融工具。总体而言，欧盟将纽带方法描述为“欧盟的共同愿景”(ECHO 2020)。在此背景下，本项目提出的问题是：欧盟的参与如何影响纽带模式的设计和实施？在回答这个问题时，我将探讨纽带方法如何被用来引导和促进欧盟的政治和经济利益。

This project examines the role of the European Union (EU)in promoting new technologies for aid and displacementmanagement in the global refugee regime. It presents astudy of how the EU has helped mainstream the "nexusmodel"-a model that calls for strengthened coherencebetween humanitarian and development aid-as part of itsresponse to the so-called Syrian refugee crisis. In doing so,I explore to what extent and through what processes thenexus model has been used to navigate and promote EUpolitical and economic interests in a multi-stakeholderenvironment. I take Jordan and Lebanon as two initial casestudies, using discourse analysis and process-tracing tointerpret qualitative data. The project contributes tonascent scholarship in international political economy andcritical refugee studies on the humanitarian-developmentnexus by highlighting the key role played by the EU indriving contemporary policy developments, whilesimultaneously showing how EU engagement is shaped byits interactions with other key stakeholders. By situatingthe nexus model in a critical political economy framework,I argue that we can better understand the interests such anapproach serves more broadly and how it affects refugeebeneficiaries specifically.16 Research Project Proposal At a time when over three-quarters (ca. 15.7 million) of theglobal refugee population are in a protracted situation(UNHCR 2019), the nexus model has been framed as a keystrategy to manage displacement. Building on previousmodels such as "Linking Relief, Rehabilitation, andDevelopment" (LRRD), the nexus model can be defined asan attempt at "strengthening collaboration, coherence, andcomplementarity" of humanitarian and developmentactions through shared involvement of public, private, andthird sector actors (OECD-DAC 2020, 6). In theory, thenexus model has been framed as a "win-win" solution torefugee crises, promising to support not just refugees, but3 / 16also host governments, the private sector, and theextended international community (Soederberg andTawakkul 2020). In practice, however, scholars have noteddivergent benefits, with some-like donors and privateactors-reaping a higher reward than others-like refugees(Burlin 2019; Zetter 2019; Anolt and Sinatti 2018; Arar2017).Insights from IPE scholarship can help explain the stratifiedimpact of the nexus model. As critical political economistshave argued, the allocation of international aid should notsolely be interpreted as a response to humanitarian anddevelopment needs, but also-and some would say moreimportantly-geopolitical and economic interests (e.g.Bermeo 2017; McLean 2014; Lundsgaarde, Breunig andPrakash 2010; Kilby 2009). In this regard, previous studieson the humanitarian-development nexus have highlightedthe important role of the EU in contributing to the designand implementation of the nexus model, particularly inforced displacement contexts (Burlin 2019; Anholt andSinatti 2018). EU engagement with the nexus approach hastaken multiple forms, including the adoption of policyframeworks such as the 2016 EU-Jordan Compact, the 2016EU-Lebanon Compact, and the 2018 Ethiopia Job Compact,as well as through the development of financialinstruments like the EU Regional Trust Fund in Response tothe Syrian Crisis and the EU Emergency Trust Fund forAfrica. Overall, the EU has described the nexus approach as"a shared vision in the EU" (ECHO 2020).Against this backdrop, this project thus asks: how has EUengagement influenced the design and implementation ofthe nexus model? In answering this question, I will explorehow the nexus approach has been used to navigate andpromote EU political and economic interests.