Making the market moral? Understanding the "social and solidarity economy" in "emerging" Senegal

2008年后，经济人类学创造性地利用波兰的概念来探索经济生活的道德维度。对局部形式的经济“嵌入性”与宏观层面正在形成的经济“嵌入性”之间的关系进行更有力的解释，对于人类学和对“包容性经济”相互竞争的模式和概念进行更广泛的社会科学调查而言，仍然至关重要。西非国家塞内加尔提供了一个适当的案例来探讨这一挑战。虽然基础设施投资和通过塞内加尔紧急行动计划(PSE)实现的部门自由化刺激了增长，但贫困和失业率仍然居高不下。然而，PSE也提出了一种更非正统的经济发展方法，特别是“社会和团结经济”(SSE)：一系列促进合作社、互助和小型“非正式”企业“正规化”发展的行动。回想起波兰尼著名的“双重运动”，上交所被当地的倡导者视为新自由主义的替代选择，并恢复了塞内加尔人独特的团结价值观。这幅图景可能过于简单化了。合作社在塞内加尔并不是什么新鲜事；在独立后不久，农业合作社的大规模组建受到腐败和农民剥削的破坏。许多当代塞内加尔合作社中有大量(有时占主导地位的)女性成员，这就要求对SSE对性别不平等的影响给予严格的关注。同样，正如一部丰富的文献所证明的那样，塞内加尔的许多小企业活动已经明确地“嵌入”了社会关系，通常是由亲属关系或宗教联系组织起来的。这项研究将从民族志的角度来研究上交所，探索如何不仅从“双重运动”的角度，而且从不同的“人类经济”--或让市场变得有道德的不同尝试--来理解上交所。在这些计划接受方的小企业家和合作社成员中的参与者观察将审查国家主导的上交所作为在国家层面追求的经济“重新嵌入”的尝试，如何与他们已经参与的各种地方嵌入的经济实践和生活项目相互作用。实地考察不仅集中于商业支持活动等特定的“干预”时刻，还将更广泛地与参与其中的企业家和合作成员的日常生活和生活世界接触。因此，除了解决人类学问题外，这项研究还将涉及更广泛的问题，即作为政策目标的体制“趋同”的限度，以及更忠于当地“价值观”和想象的替代发展模式的可能性。

Post-2008 economic anthropology has made imaginative use of Polanyian concepts to explore the moral dimension of economic life. Developing a stronger account of the relationship between localised forms of economic "embeddedness" and those taking shape at macro-level remains crucial, both for anthropology and for broader social scientific enquiry into competing models and conceptions of an "inclusive economy". The West African country of Senegal offers an appropriate case through which to explore this challenge. While infrastructure investment and sectoral liberalisation through the Plan Senegal Emergent (PSE) have stimulated growth, poverty and unemployment remain high. However, the PSE also contains initiatives suggesting a more heterodox approach to economic development, notably the "Social and Solidarity Economy" (SSE): a range of actions promoting the development of cooperatives, mutuals, and the "formalisation" of small "informal" businesses. Recalling Polanyi's famous "double movement", the SSE is seen by its local advocates as providing an alternative to neoliberalism and recovering distinctively Senegalese values of solidarity. This picture may be too simplistic. Cooperatives are not new in Senegal; the mass-formation of agricultural cooperatives in the immediate post-independence period was marred by corruption and peasant exploitation. The substantial (sometimes predominant) female membership of many contemporary Senegalese cooperatives demands critical attention to the SSE's implications for gendered inequalities. Equally, as a rich literature attests, much Senegalese small business activity is already unmistakably "embedded" in social relations, often organised by ties of kinship or religious association. This study will approach the SSE ethnographically, to explore how it might be understood not simply in terms of "double movement", but also in terms of the articulation of different "human economies" - or of diverse attempts to make the market moral. Participant observation among the petty entrepreneurs and cooperative members at the receiving end of these schemes will examine how the state-led SSE, as an attempt at economic "re-embedding" pursued at a national level, interacts with the various locally-embedded economic practices and life projects in which they are already engaged. Fieldwork will not only focus on specific moments of "intervention", such as business support activities, but will also engage more broadly with the daily lives and life worlds of participating entrepreneurs and cooperative members. As well as addressing anthropological problems, the study will thus speak to wider questions about the limits of institutional "convergence" as policy goal, and the possibility of alternative models of development which are more faithful to local "values" and imaginaries.