A historical analysis of the mobilisation and resistance of black women against racial, gender, and class-based oppression in the United Kingdom (UK)

本研究的主要目的是对英国和法国黑人妇女抵抗和动员反对种族、性别和阶级压迫的方式进行比较历史分析。这项研究将通过挖掘那些原本被隐藏的声音，对欧洲女权主义和反种族主义抵抗运动的现有历史分析做出有价值的贡献。通过分析总共六个抵抗运动，本研究将说明由于每个政体的形成，黑人女权运动如何不得不以不同的方式动员起来。继第二波妇女解放运动之后，这些运动的兴起是为了集体组织起来反对各种形式的压迫。这些运动为当前围绕普遍主义和多元文化主义的更广泛背景下重新出现的辩论提供了细微差别。此外，“黑人的命也是命”运动在美国和欧洲的兴起，突显了解决种族、性别和阶级压迫之间复杂关系的必要性。由于种族主义和性别歧视之间的复杂关系，在选定地点参与组织的黑人妇女同样面临着多种形式的压迫。该项目将有助于正在进行的关于重建被隐藏的女权主义历史的研究。它将对英国和法国的政治参与进行原创性的比较，由那些处于非殖民化和交叉性女权主义组织中心的人构建。这个项目在英国更广泛的女权主义组织中有潜在的应用，因为这些案例引发了不同抵抗运动不同效果的问题。当代女权主义者通过“未剪姐妹”（Sisters Uncut）和# reclaimthesstreets等团体组织起来，强调了在英国集体行动反对性别歧视和基于性别的压迫的重要性。在20世纪90年代的法国，讲法语的非洲女权主义运动出现了明显的中断，因为黑人妇女集中精力动员起来反对种族压迫。然而，自21世纪初以来，“重生”（renouveau）已经变得明显。围绕“laïcité”实施的日益紧张的局势重新引发了对法兰西共和国的抵制讨论。像“La coordination des femmes”这样的运动是法国现代非洲女权主义运动的先驱。因此，随着法国黑人女权主义抵抗运动的重新出现，现在进行这项研究是相关的，因为参与这些团体的妇女构成了活生生的档案，她们的经历值得记录和分析。这项研究具有很强的时间因素，丰富了围绕法国实施“非混合”的突出公共辩论，其目的是防止团体在排斥他人的情况下开会。这场争论的核心是围绕公共领域的共和党理想与个人自我组织的自由之间的紧张关系。在英国，关于制度性种族主义存在的长期讨论已经渗透到当代关于种族和性别之间环环相扣关系的公共言论中。

The principal aim of this research is to conduct a comparative historical analysis of the ways in which blackwomen have resisted and mobilised against racial, gender, and class-based oppression in the UK and France. This study will make a valuable contribution to existing historical analyses of feminist and antiracist resistance movements in Europe, by excavating voices which would otherwise remain hidden. By analysing six resistance movements in total, this research will illustrate how black feminist movements have had to mobilise differently due to the formation of each polity. Following the second wave of women's liberation movements, the selected movements arose in the interest of collectively organising against various forms of oppression. These movements provide nuance to re-emerging debates in the present surrounding the broader context of universalism and multiculturalism.Furthermore, the rise of the Black Lives Matter movement across the USA and in Europe, has highlighted the need to address the complex relationship between race, gender, and class-based oppression. The black women involved in organising at the chosen sites similarly face the intersection of multiple forms of oppression due to the complex relationship between racism and sexism. This project will contribute to ongoing research concerning the reconstruction of feminist histories that have been hidden. It will develop an original comparison of political engagement in the UK and France, constructed by those who were at the centre of decolonial and intersectional feminist organising. There are potential applications of this project within broader feminist organising in the UK, as the cases prompt the question of the varying effectiveness of different resistance movements. Contemporary feminist organising through groups such as 'Sisters Uncut' and #ReclaimTheseStreets highlight the importance of collective action against sexism and gender-based oppression in the UK. In France during the 1990s, a perceived hiatus occurred within Francophone Afro feminist movements as black women focused on mobilising against racial oppression. However, a 'renouveau' (rebirth) has become apparent since the dawn of the 21st century. Increasing tensions surrounding the implementation of 'laïcité' have reignited discussions around resistance towards the French Republic. Movements such as 'La coordination des femmes are precursors to the modern afro-feminist movement in France. It is therefore pertinent to conduct this research now following the re-emergence of black feminist resistance movements in France as the women involved in these groups constitute living archives whose experiences deserve documentation and analysis. This research has a strong temporal element, enriching prominent public debates surrounding the implementation of the 'réunion non-mixte' in France, which aims to prevent groups meeting at the exclusion of others. At the core of this argument are tensions between Republican ideals surrounding the public sphere, and the liberty of individuals to self-organise. Long-standing discussions in the UK regarding the existence of institutional racism have permeated contemporary public rhetoric about the interlocking relationship between race and gender.