International Tobacco Control Policy Survey

描述（由申请人提供）：拟议项目的总体目标是评估和理解未来三年在四个最大的英语国家——美国、加拿大、英国和澳大利亚——中至少一个国家计划实施或可能实施的几项国家级烟草控制政策的社会心理和行为影响。在前瞻性队列设计中，参与者是每个国家的2000多名成年吸烟者（总N= 9013），他们每8个月接受一次45分钟的电话调查，持续5年。创新科技署的调查已于2002年秋季成功展开，并于2003年夏季展开第二轮调查，现正申请拨款继续支援第3至5年。该调查包括对吸烟行为、吸烟和戒烟的心理社会预测因素以及五个主要政策领域的政策相关变量的测量：(1)加强警告标签，(2)消除或限制香烟品牌描述中的“轻度”或“轻度”字样，(3)消除或限制烟草制品的广告和促销，(4)价格和税收的变化，以及(5)替代尼古丁产品（例如加热而不是燃烧烟草的产品）。准实验设计既包括国与国之间的控制，也包括国内的控制，因此可以对迄今尚未得到系统评价的国家一级政策进行严格检验。具体目标有7个：(1)与政策不变的其他国家相比，研究一个国家出台的政策是否会影响自我报告的吸烟行为；(2)与政策不变的其他国家相比，研究一个国家出台的政策是否会增强与政策相关的社会心理变量，即与政策密切相关的社会心理变量；(3)与政策不变的其他国家相比，研究一个国家实施的政策是否会导致与吸烟和戒烟行为相关的心理社会变量水平的提高；(4)研究控烟政策的效果是否会被代偿行为抵消（例如，价格上涨导致转向折扣品牌，而不是戒烟）；(5)研究控烟政策的效果是否受到情境和个体差异因素的调节；(6)确定可能解释控烟政策如何实现（或未能实现）其目标的社会心理机制；(7)确定四个国家在与吸烟和戒烟有关的因素方面的异同。由于最近通过的《烟草控制框架公约》——有史以来第一个关于健康的国际条约——将要求190多个国家（占世界人口的90%以上）执行烟草控制政策，该项目具有相当的时间紧迫性，并有可能为世界各地未来的烟草控制政策提供信息。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The broad objective of the proposed project is to evaluate and understand the psychosocial and behavioral effects of several national-level tobacco control policies that are scheduled or likely to be implemented in at least one of the four largest English-speaking countries--United States, Canada, United Kingdom, and Australia--over the next three years. In a prospective cohort design, the participants are 2,000+ adult smokers in each country (total N=9,013) who respond to a 45-minute telephone survey every 8 months for 5 years. The ITC survey had its successful launch in Fall 2002 and second wave in Summer 2003, and funds are being requested to continue support for Years 3-5. The survey includes measures of smoking behavior, psychosocial predictors of smoking and quitting, and policy-relevant variables in five major policy domains: (1) enhancement of warning labels, (2) elimination or restriction of the terms "light" or "mild" as cigarette brand descriptors, (3) elimination or restrictions on advertising and promotion of tobacco products, (4) changes in price and taxation, and (5) alternative nicotine products (e.g., products that heat, rather than burn, tobacco). The quasi-experimental design includes both between-country controls and within-country controls and will thus allow rigorous tests of national-level policies that heretofore have not been systematically evaluated. There are 7 specific aims: (1) to examine whether a policy introduced in one country will affect self-reported smoking behavior, in comparison to other countries where that policy is not changing, (2) to examine whether a policy introduced in one country will enhance policy-relevant psychosocial variables, that is, those that are closely related to the policy, in comparison to other countries where that policy is not changing, (3) to examine whether a policy introduced in one country will lead to enhance levels of psychosocial variables known to be related to smoking and quitting behavior, in comparison to other countries where that policy is not changing, (4) to examine whether the effects of tobacco control policies may be offset by compensatory behaviors (e.g., price increases leading to shifts toward discount brands rather than to quitting), (5) to examine whether the effects of tobacco control policies are moderated by situational and individual-difference factors, (6) to identify the psychosocial mechanisms that may explain how tobacco control policies achieve (or fail to achieve) their goals, and (7) to identify similarities and differences across the four countries in the factors that relate to smoking and cessation. This project has considerable time urgency because of the recently adopted Framework Convention on Tobacco Control-the first-ever international treaty on health-which will obligate over 190 countries (over 90% of the world's population) to tobacco control policies that will be evaluated by this project, and has the potential to inform future tobacco control policies throughout the world.