Between the European Union and Russia: Displacement, State Building and Religious Freedom in Ukraine

该项目将在实践和理论上加深对乌克兰境内和接收乌克兰难民地区的国家建设、强迫流离失所和侵犯宗教自由之间关系的理解。俄罗斯入侵乌克兰后发生的事件造成了二战后历史上最大规模的流离失所。自2022年2月冲突开始以来，欧洲各地已有7278696名乌克兰人流离失所(难民署，2017年)。这些难民的接受者多种多样，包括国内流离失所、向乌克兰在欧洲的盟友流离失所、一些人撤离到俄罗斯，以及向主要城市提供返回的难民(BBC新闻，2022)。俄罗斯的入侵不仅是领土上的，也是精神上的。在被占领的克里米亚遭受迫害和限制宗教自由之后，俄罗斯军队破坏了重要的东正教遗址，比如斯维亚托希尔斯克拉夫拉的那些遗址。与此同时，宗教组织继续在乌克兰和收容社区发挥重要作用，并建立超越当地、区域和国际因素的支持网络。这种社区建设代表了Beichelt和Worschech(2016，第16页)所定义的“空间”和“社会”跨民族主义：国家的流动性，它取代了物理和政治边界的界限。因此，有两个关键现象需要解决。首先，本研究试图了解政治和宗教之间的关系是如何被感知和概念化的。其次，我们的目标是进一步了解宗教话语和关于移民的话语如何为国家建设和侵犯人权的话语和现实世界的结果提供信息，并从中获得信息。为了解释这些现象，将依赖现实主义和建构主义的观点。该项目解决以下问题：1.强迫流离失所对乌克兰国家机构的巩固和发展有何影响？2.强迫流离失所的宗教支持机制是什么？3.侵犯宗教自由对乌克兰、欧盟和俄罗斯之间的国家建设进程和关系有何影响？该项目利用了从难民、学术组织、国家官员和宗教组织收集的定性和定量数据。实地考察工作原计划在入侵前在哈尔科夫和基辅进行。取而代之的是，实地考察将在波兰和罗马尼亚等接收了大量乌克兰难民的东欧地区进行。该项目将收集与难民、学者、宗教团体和政府官员的30次访谈。扩大关于流离失所、国家建设和宗教的文献，以及它们之间的关系，是这项研究的预期结果。这应该引起学术、法律和政策制定领域的认识和辩论。对人权的关注对那些参与支持、监测和理解流离失所者的人具有直接的重要性，包括信仰组织以及地方和国家政府。这项研究的结果将通过政策报告、期刊文章和会议报告来传播。英国广播公司新闻(2022年)，乌克兰难民有多少，他们去了哪里？，在https://www.bbc.com/news/world-60555472Leustean，Leg.，2021年。《当国家失败：塞尔维亚和乌克兰的东正教政治、强迫流离失所和人道主义结构》。《难民研究杂志》，第34(2)页，1923-1945页。难民署(2022年)，《乌克兰难民状况》，https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraineBeichelt，T.和Worschech，S.ed.，2016。跨国乌克兰？：影响当代乌克兰的网络和联系。哥伦比亚大学出版社。

This project will further the practical and theoretical understandings of the relationship between state building, forced displacement and violations of religious freedom, both in Ukraine and in the areas which have accepted refugees from Ukraine.The events following the Russian invasion of Ukraine has resulted in the biggest displacement of people in post-Second World War history. Since the conflict began in February of 2022, 7,278,696 Ukrainians have been displaced across Europe (UNHCR, 2017). The recipients of these refugees have been diverse, with a mixture of internal displacement, displacement to Ukraine's allies in Europe, some evacuation to Russia, and a supply of returning refugees to major cities (BBC News, 2022). Russia's invasion has not just been territorial, but also spiritual. Following from the persecutions and restrictions on religious freedoms in occupied Crimea, Russian forces have vandalised important Orthodox sites, such as those at Sviatohirsk Lavra. Meanwhile, religious organisations continue to play an important role both in Ukraine and in host communities, and create support networks which transcend local, regional and international factors. This community building represents what Beichelt and Worschech (2016, p.16) would identify as 'Spatial' and 'Societal' transnationalisms: fluidity of nationhood which supersedes the bounds of physical and political boundaries.As such, two key phenomena are to be addressed. Firstly, this research seeks to understand how the relationship between politics and religion is perceived and conceptualised. Secondly, we aim to further understand how religious discourses, and discourses around immigration, inform and are informed by both the discourses and real-world outcomes of state building and human rights violations. To interpret these phenomena, realist and constructivist perspectives will be relied upon.The project addresses the following questions: 1. How does forced displacement impact upon the consolidation and development of state institutions in Ukraine? 2. What are the mechanisms of religious support towards forced displacement? 3. How do violations of religious freedom impact upon state-building processes and relations between Ukraine, the European Union and Russia? The project draws on qualitative and quantitative data collected with refugees, academic organisations, state officials and religious organisations. Fieldwork was originally planned to take place in Kharkiv and Kiev, prior to the invasion. Instead, fieldwork will take place in Eastern European areas that have accepted large numbers of Ukrainian refugees, such as Poland and Romania. The project will collect 30 interviews with refugees, academics, religious bodies and state officials.Expanding the literature on displacement, state building and religion, and the relationships between these, are an expected outcome of this research. This should inform awareness and debate in the academic, legal and policymaking fields. The focus on human rights are of direct importance to those who are involved in supporting, monitoring and understanding displaced people, including faith-based organisations and local and national governments. The findings of this research will be disseminated via policy reports, journal articles and conference presentations. BBC News (2022), How many Ukrainian refugees are there and where have they gone?, at https://www.bbc.com/news/world-60555472Leustean, L.N., 2021. When States Fail: The Politics of Orthodox Churches, Forced Displacement and Humanitarian Structures in Serbia and Ukraine. Journal of Refugee Studies, 34(2), pp.1923-1945.UNHCR (2022), Ukraine Refugee Situation, at https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraineBeichelt, T. and Worschech, S. eds., 2016. Transnational Ukraine?: Networks and Ties that Influence (d) Contemporary Ukraine. Columbia University Press.