Sibling Influence on Smoking in Everyday Settings

描述（由申请人提供）：流行病学和家庭研究表明，兄弟姐妹吸烟比父母吸烟更能预测青少年吸烟，尤其是在青春期早期，这可能是同龄人吸烟的重要联系。尽管如此，人们对推动兄弟姐妹之间社会影响的实际人际关系过程知之甚少，特别是当它们在实时和日常环境中展开时。兄弟姐妹效应是如何与其他关键的人际和个人风险因素相互作用，从而推动烟草使用的发展途径的，我们所知的就更少了。这一建议背后的基本前提是，研究兄弟姐妹对吸烟的影响为强调关键的社会过程提供了独特的机会，因为兄弟姐妹将更广泛的家庭风险因素（如养育子女）与家庭外风险联系起来，尤其是在青春期过渡期间的同伴影响。该提案将使用一种方法——经验抽样——它正在成为评估社会互动的一个至关重要的工具，特别是当它们与健康相关的行为有关时，因为它们在实时和日常环境中展开。从烟草使用的社区研究中获得的一组青少年兄弟姐妹，经验抽样将用于确定兄弟姐妹的影响如何与其他关键的人际间和个人内部风险因素相互作用，以促进初次接触香烟以及吸烟的进展。本研究将追求五个目标：(1)利用经验抽样详细揭示兄弟姐妹之间有助于促进接触和使用香烟的实际社会过程，并具有生态有效性（包括暴露于哥哥或姐姐吸烟，兄弟姐妹之间的直接强化行为）；(2)评估兄弟姐妹影响与父母关键风险因素之间的联系，特别是父母监测不足；(3)研究是否存在特定的性格特征（冲动、情绪状态）来反映个人对社会影响（如兄弟姐妹效应）的敏感性；(4)确定兄弟姐妹互动特征是否可预测今后与吸烟同伴交往；(5)解决文献中的理论要求，以检查这些多重风险因素之间的更高水平的相互作用。在实时和日常环境中发现促进烟草使用的实际社会过程，将对旨在针对与健康有关的行为的预防和干预战略产生影响，因为这些影响提供了明确和具体的目标，特别是在青春期这一开始接触烟草的关键时期所揭示的目标。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Epidemiological and family studies have revealed that sibling smoking is more predictive of adolescent tobacco use than parent smoking, and especially in early adolescence may be critically important as a link to peer smoking. Despite this, little is known about the actual interpersonal processes that drive social influence between siblings, especially as they unfold in real time and in everyday settings. Even less is known about ways in which sibling effects interact with other key interpersonal and individual risk factors to propel developmental pathways to tobacco use. The fundamental premise behind this proposal is that studying sibling effects on smoking offers unique opportunities to highlight critical social processes because siblings link broader family risk factors (i.e., parenting) with extrafamilial risk, especially peer influences, during the transition to adolescence. This proposal will use a methodology - Experience Sampling - which is becoming a critically important tool for assessing social interactions, especially as they pertain to health-related behaviors, as they unfold in real time and in everyday settings. Focusing on a cohort of adolescent sibling pairs derived from a community study of tobacco use, Experience Sampling will be used to determine how sibling influences interact with other key inter- and intrapersonal risk factors to promote initial exposure to cigarettes as well as progression of smoking. Five aims will be pursued: (1) To use Experience Sampling to reveal in detail and with ecological validity actual social processes between siblings that serve to facilitate exposure to and use of cigarettes (including exposure to older sibling smoking, direct reinforcing behaviors between siblings); (2) To assess links between sibling influences and key parental risk factors, especially low parental monitoring; (3) To examine if there are particular dispositional characteristics (impulsivity, mood states) that index intrapersonal sensitivity to social influences such as sibling effects; (4) To determine if characteristics of sibling interaction are predictive of later affiliation with peers who use tobacco; and (5) To address theoretical calls in the literature to examine higher-level interactions between these multiple risk factors. Uncovering actual social processes, in real time and in everyday settings, that promote tobacco use will have implications for preventive and interventive strategies aimed at health-related behaviors by providing illuminated and concrete targets for these effects, especially as revealed during adolescence, the key period for initial exposure to tobacco.