Hellscapes of Environmental Crisis: Hellish Landscapes in the Nineteenth-Century Popular Imagination

地狱正在上升。随着头条新闻描述我们“坠入冰冷的地狱”(彼得森，2021)和“末日般的”野火(史密斯，2021)，作家们转向地狱来表达对环境的关注。随着这个术语在流行文化中流行起来，对地狱的历史、神学根源以及随后的世俗化到隐喻的恢复尤为紧迫。这项研究确立了“地狱景观”作为一个新术语，用于阅读漫长的十九世纪的地狱般的空间，这一时期通常与地狱的神学灭亡有关(Turner，1993；232)。在三个具有代表性的案例研究中，我分析了维多利亚时代的作家如何在社会生态危机中使用地狱图景来表达他们最黑暗的恐惧，创造了一种共同的语言，将无数英国方言和地区联系在一起。为什么维多利亚时代的文学在社会和环境危机的时刻反复使用地狱般的语言和隐喻来描述地狱？2.与神学和文学地狱相比，19世纪地狱的特征是什么？3.生态哥特式文学批评如何加深我们对19世纪环境腐败的神学思想和描述之间的交集的理解？4.每个案例研究的不同地理位置如何影响19世纪文学中对地狱的描述？

Hell is on the rise. With headlines describing our "descent into Covid hell" (Petersen, 2021) and"apocalyptic" wildfires (Smith, 2021), writers are turning to Hell to express environmental concern. Asthis terminology gains currency in popular culture, a recuperation of Hell's history, theological roots, andsubsequent secularisation into metaphor is especially urgent.This study establishes the "hellscape" as a new term for reading Hell-like spaces in the long nineteenthcentury, the period often associated with Hell's theological demise (Turner, 1993; 232). In threerepresentative case studies, I analyse how Victorian writers used hellscapes to express their darkestfears in socio-ecological crises, creating a shared language that bridged numerous British dialects andregions.Research questions1. Why does Victorian literature repeatedly turn to hellish language and metaphors to describelandscapes in moments of social and environmental crisis?2. What are the characteristic features of nineteenth-century hellscapes compared to theological andliterary Hells?3. How does ecoGothic literary criticism deepen our understanding of intersections between theologicalthought and depictions of environmental corruption in the nineteenth century?4. How do the differing geographies of each case study impact depictions of the hellscape in nineteenth century literature?